Chris started following the work of Anthony Grafton, Princeton University, History.
Chris started following the work of Yuri Kuzmin.
Chris started following the work of Lutz Popko.
Papers
Thutmosis I and Ahmes-Sapair
GM 141 (1994) 35-37 (Digizeitschriften)
Suggests that the unknown father of Thutmosis I was a son of Seqenenre Tao of the 17th dynasty, possibly to be identified with Ahmes-Sapair, who was later honoured as a dynastic ancestor.
The First Three Sekhemre Kings of the Seventeenth Dynasty
GM 143 (1994) 21-28 (Digizeitschriften)
Proposes that the first three kings listed in column XI of the Turin Canon of Kings were Sekhemre-sementawi Djehuti, Sekhemre-seusertawi Sebekhotep VIII and Sekhemre-se'ankhtawi Neferhotep III Iykherneferet.
The same result was independently derived by Ryholt in his monograph on the Second Intermediate Period.
King Senakhtenre
GM 145 (1995) 37-44 (Digizeitschriften)
Argues against Vandersleyen that the nomen of king Senakhtenre was most probably Ta'o, as was usually supposed before his work. Since homonymous brothers are well-documented in this period, including the brother kings Inyotef, it is suggested that Senakhtenre and Seqenenre Ta'o were brothers, rather than father and son as is usually supposed. This opens up alternate possible genealogies for the late 17th and early 18th dynasties. The possibilities for Kamose are discussed.
In 2011 a lintel and door-jamb were discovered at Karnak which give Senakhtenre's nomen as "Ahmose". This largely vitiates the arguments of this note.
The date of Nubkheperre Inyotef
GM 147 (1995) 19-28 (Digizeitschriften)
Reviews the available evidence for the chronology of this king relative to the late 13th dynasty and the early 18th dynasty in the context of alternate models of the overall chronology of the Second Intermediate Period. Based largely on a scarab recovered in a secure archaeological context in Mirgissa, it is concluded that the 17th dynasty lasted at least a generation longer than was usually supposed.
Vercoutter's interpretation of the Mirgissa scarab was later rejected by Ryholt, but the chronology proposed in this note was arrived at on independent grounds in a study of the genealogy of the governors of El Kab.
The Structure of the Seventeenth Dynasty
GM 149 (1995) 25-32 (Digizeitschriften)
Reconstructs column XI of the Turin Canon of Kings based on results derived in earlier notes in this series. Suggests that the 17th dynasty succession was heavily fratrilineal.
The King's Daughter Reditenes
GM 151 (1996) 19-22 (Digizeitschriften)
Argues that the king's daughter Reditenes, wife of the vizier Ay of the late 13th dynasty, who was ancestor of the later governors of El-Kab, was probably a daughter of king Merneferre Ay.
King Qemau: a reconsideration
GM 159 (1997) 11-18 (Digizeitschriften)
Argues against Ryholt's note in GM 156 that the genealogy he proposed for king Qemau in GM 119 could be correct without hypothesising the existence of wsf entries in the Turin Canon of Kings that are not present in the surviving fragments.
A Genealogical Chronology of the Seventeenth Dynasty
Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 39, (2002), pp. 123-155 (JSTOR)
The paper reconstructs a minimum length genealogy for the governors of El Kab, which can be correlated with kings of the 13th, 17th and 18th dynasties. The resultant genealogy shows that the Theban kingship of the Second Intermediate period began a couple of generations before the end of the 13th dynasty, implying that Egypt fragmented into regional kingdoms before the end of that dynasty. A best fit date for the apparent Sothic date found in Gebel Tjauti by Darnell appears to assign it to Nubkheperre Inyotef of the 17th dynasty.
Genealogy and the Chronology of the Second Intermediate Period
Ägypten und Levante 16 (2007) 231-244 (subscription required)
Reviews the need for relative chronologies that are internal to the SIP, developed independently of the framework set by New Kingdom and Middle Kingdom chronologies. Shows that the genealogy of the governors of El Kab provides such a relative chronology. Comments on various points raised in the literature since the publication of my study of this genealogy in JARCE 39.
Queen Karimala, Daughter of Osochor?
GM 173 (1999) 7-8 (Digizeitschriften)
Following up a proposal by Kendall that the queen Karimala/Katimala of the Semna inscription should be a queen of the 21st dynasty, it is argued that the best genealogical fit for this solution is to make Karimala a wife of Siamun and daughter of Osochor.
Review of HORNUNG, E., KRAUSS, R. and WARBURTON, D.A. (eds.) - Ancient Egyptian Chronology.
BiOr 65:1-2 (2008) 114 - 122 (subscription required)
A very useful summary of the state of the art in pharaonic chronology as of the early 2000s, with contributions of variable quality by over 20 specialists in various periods and chronometric disciplines. Additional chapters cover predynastic and Napatan/Meroitic chronology, but Graeco-Roman chronology is not addressed. The chronological synthesis is dominated by Krauss' lunar theories and is certainly too low for the Middle Kingdom and earlier periods.
The focus is on areas of debate rather than settled topics; this is not a "handbook" for neophytes. A major omission is the debate on the date of the Thera eruption and its implications for Egypt. Some other important topics, such as the Shishak invasion, should have been discussed in more detail.
An important resource but certainly not the last word on the subject.
Egyptian Lunar Dates and Temple Service Months
BiOr 65:5-6 (2008) 525 - 554 (subscription required)
25 dates of temple service months mostly published in corpora of demotic graffiti and service lease contracts from the Ptolemaic and Roman eras are analysed. It is shown that service months most likely began on day 2 of the lunar month, as Luft has concluded for the Middle Kingdom, and not day 1 as supposed by Parker. It is confirmed that the Carlsberg cycle was not used to regulate the lunar month in Graeco-Roman times, and shown that it is unlikely that any schematic cycle was used. It is shown that rotation of service months by phyle number was occasionally interrupted, so that the phyle number of a service month is not a useful chronological tool over long periods. In combination with 15 lunar and phyle service dates from other sources, it is shown from this data that modern astronomical calculations predict Egyptian lunar dates with only about 55% accuracy. Since there is no longer any reason to believe that the method used to determine the start of the lunar month in Graeco-Roman times is any different from that used in earlier times, this result means that lunar dates which are not tightly constrained by other means, such as those of the Illahun papyri, cannot be used to determine precise chronology by supposing that they are astronomically accurate.
Cleopatra V Tryphæna and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies
Anc. Soc. 28 (1997) 39-66 (subscription required)
Argues for an alternate genealogy of the later Ptolemies based on the same data as conventional reconstructions. Major proposals are: (a) Cleopatra V can be identified with the anonyma daughter of Ptolemy X and Berenice III (b) Ptolemy XII can be identified as the son of Ptolemy IX who was eponymous priest in 109, whose mother was, nominally, Cleopatra Selene ; his "illegitimacy" was because his biological mother was Cleopatra IV, whose marriage to Ptolemy IX violated dynastic norms (c) Cleopatra Selene was the mother of Ptolemy XI.
The paper noted evidence that later Ptolemaic princes were introduced as eponymous priests at about the age of 8, which has been supported by two such priesthoods that were subsequently published.
The Children of Ptolemy III and the Date of the Exedra of Thermos
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 138, (2002), pp. 141-145 (JSTOR)
IG IX I2 I 56, the base of an exedra found at Thermon, the religious center of the Aetolian League, names six children of Ptolemy III, including two sons known from no other source. It is usually dated towards the end of his reign, but it includes the princess Berenice, who died in 238. On the assumption that it predates her death, a birth chronology of the children can be reconstructed.
Drusilla Regina
The Classical Quarterly New Series, Vol. 53, No. 1 (May, 2003), pp. 315-319 (JSTOR)
Drusilla, wife of Felix, a freedman of Claudius who became procurator of Judea, is described by Tacitus as a granddaughter of Antony and Cleopatra. It is proposed instead that she was a great-granddaughter, daughter of Ptolemy of Mauretania, probably by Julia Urania, who may have had connections to the dynasty of Emesa.
Three Notes on Arsinoe I
in A. K. Eyma & C. J. Bennett (eds.), A Delta-Man in Yebu (Parkland FL, 2003) 64-70 (GoogleBooks)
It is argued that something we think we know about Arsinoe I – the likely identity of her mother – is in fact not known. It is next argued that an old dispute – whether she was the mother of Berenice II – has been settled correctly, but for the wrong reason. Finally, it is argued that one of the inscriptions held to refer to her allows us to estimate the date of her exile.
Arsinoe and Berenice at the Olympics
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 154, (2005), pp. 91-96 (JSTOR)
The new Posidippus epigrams give considerable information on Olympic and Nemean victories of Arsinoe II and a Berenice, almost certainly the daughter of Ptolemy II. A chronology is proposed for both sets of victories, which can be related to the succession politics of Ptolemy the Son.
The Chronology of Berenice III
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 139, (2002), pp. 143-148 (JSTOR)
A number of problematic double-dated papyri with the formula year 2=1 are best explained by assigning them to the accession year of Ptolemy XII. The year 2 date then belongs to Berenice III, which implies that she was a coregent with her father Ptolemy IX in the final year of his reign.
The Reign of Berenike IV
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 160, (2007), pp. 211-214 (JSTOR)
Co-authored with Mark Depauw of the University of Leuven
Revises the exact chronology of Berenice IV based on more recent readings of ostraca and papyrological evidence.
The Early Augustan Calendars in Rome and Egypt
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 142, (2003), pp. 221-240 (JSTOR)
In the first few decades after the Julian reform every third year was a leap year, not every fourth. The phase of this cycle, and its terminal dates, are not given in any ancient source. The standard reconstruction, based on literary evidence, was developed by Scaliger in 1582. However, POxy LXI 4175, an ephemeris table from 24 BC, gives Roman and Egyptian dates which do not fit this model. It is shown that an alternate phase and alignment fits this data, and also several other data items which have previously received ad hoc explanations. An alternate model of the early years of the Alexandrian calendar in Egypt (subsequently withdrawn in ZPE 161) is also developed.
The Early Augustan Calendars in Rome and Egypt: Addenda et Corrigenda
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 147, (2004), pp. 165-168 (JSTOR)
Presents a much simpler analysis than the one presented in ZPE 142, but with the same result. Corrects a few mistakes. Notes that the proposed early Julian chronology implies a lunar double date for the unreformed provincial Asian calendar in OGIS 458 = iPriene 105.
Two Notes on the Chronology of the Late Republic
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 147, (2004), pp. 169-174 (JSTOR)
Explores the implications of the early Julian chronology proposed in ZPE 142/7 for pre-Julian dates in the late Republic, particularly for the lunar date in 67 BC given in CIL I2 2511, and for the lengths of intercalations required to meet the market day of 1 January 77(R) implied by the tumults Lepidianus. A revised day-exact pre-Julian chronology is proposed for most of the years between 77 and 45 BC.
The analysis of CILI2 26511 was based on deGrassi's and Brind'Amour's discussions, which were later invalidated by a new reading by Emiliozzi. However the difference turns out to have very little effect
The Imperial Nundinal Cycle
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 147, (2004), pp. 175-179 (JSTOR)
Reconciles the phase of the 8-day nundinal cycle implied by the Pompeian graffito CIL IV 4182 with a nundinal date implied by Dio Cassius in 41 BC using the revised early Julian calendar developed in ZPE 142/7. It is argued that an aspect of the Augustan reform of 8 BC was to account the bissextile days as a single day for nundinal purposes. This allows us to explain a statement made by Dio Cassius that the market day was sometimes changed to avoid a religious conflict, identified as the festival of the Regifugium.
Livy and the "Lex Hortensia": The Julian Chronology of the Comitial Dates in Livy
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 149, (2004), pp. 165-176 (JSTOR)
The Julian phase of the pre-Julian nundinal cycle implied by the model developed in earlier notes allows us to determine exact Julian dates for certain years covered by Livy, and to significantly restrict the possibilities for some others.
Evidence for the Regulation of Intercalation under the Lex Acilia
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 151, (2005), pp. 167-184 (JSTOR)
A Roman/Thessalian calendrical synchronism given by SIG3 674, combined with results obtained in earlier notes, shows that 22 day intercalations in the middle Republic most likely occurred when a neighbouring year had a 23-day intercalation. It follows that all but one pre-Julian intercalation after 140 BC was for 23 days. Under minimal reasonable assumptions, exact Julian dates can be determined for a large number of pre-Julian years after 191 BC, and it will take very little data, if well-placed, to complete the map.
The Two Egyptian Birth Days of Augustus
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 161, (2007), pp. 195-198 (JSTOR)
Examines the phenomenon that the birth of Augustus was celebrated on two different days of the Egyptian month at different times in the papyrological record. Shows that this can be explained by the standard model for the early Alexandrian calendar using the model for the early Julian calendar developed in ZPE 142/7, but not on the standard model of the early Julian calendar developed by Scaliger.
Macedonian Intercalary Months and the Era of Azes
Acta Orientalia 70 (2009) 197–216
Co-authored with Harry Falk of the Free University, Berlin
A Buddhist reliquary from Gandhara is dated to Gorpiaios embolimos 8 in year 172 of, most likely, the era of Azes. On the Parthian system of the Macedonian calendar, Gorpiaios is intercalated once every 19 years and the date is the date of the autumn equinox. However, this requires that the era of Azes, usually assumed to be the same as the later Vikrama Samvat, with an epoch of 58 BC, should actually have an epoch of 48/7 BC. This is year 201 of the Arsacid Era. Salomon has recently shown that the Azes Era started in year 129 of the Yavana Era, and Falk has shown that the Kushana Era started in AD 127. Combined, the Kushana Era started in year 301 of the Yavana Era, as has previously been argued by Cribb on other grounds. These centennial relationships are unlikely to be coincidental.
Alexandria and the Moon: Addenda et Corrigenda
Second revision uploaded 19 March 2012.
The attached file contains additions and corrections to Studia Hellenistica 52. Most notably it corrects a significant error in the calendrical analysis of two letters of Antiochus III in Appendix C.2.
Updates will be issued from time to time as necessary.
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