Dentalium beads

Analele Universitatii Creatine „Dimitrie Cantemir", Bucure§ti, Seria Istorie - Serie noua, Anul 1, Nr. 4, 2010, p. 76-89 ISSN 2068 - 3766 (online); ISSN 2068 - 3758 (CD-ROM); ISSN 1584 - 3343 (print) WIETENBERG SHELL BEADS DISCOVERED AT CERI$OR - CAVE NO. 1, HUNEDOARA COUNTY, ROMANIA ** Abstract. Wietenberg Dentalium shell beads discovered at Cerisor - Cave No. 1, Hunedoara County, Romania. The Prehistoric site from Cerisor village, "The Cave No. 1", Hunedoara County, was systematically researched from archaeological point of view in 2000 by a group of specialists led by Professor Sabin Adrian Luca and the archaeologists Cristian Roman and Dragos Diaconescu. The Prehistoric stratigraphy presents layers dated from the Neolithic (Turdas culture), the Eneolithic (Copfeni culture), and the Bronze Age (Wietenberg culture, Ifd-Iird phases). From the IIId level two entire tubular beads made of fossil Dentalium shells have been recovered, most probably collected from a fossil deposit located in the present territory of the city of Hunedoara (Buituri deposit). According to the Beldiman 2007 typology, the type of beads is III CI. They are very well preserved and allow the observation of morphological details, manufacture and use traces. The aim of the study is to examine all the indices regarding the manufacturing chain. The only traces which could be observed are the fracture and the cutting of the ends of the shell. The traces of this operation are clearly observable on the proximal and distal parts of the piece CRM/Ill 1. The use-wear and the analogies with similar artefacts discovered in funerary contexts, allow us to state the functional role of this type of artefacts. It seems that they were used like beads hung on a string or elements of a necklace (more often) in combination with other types of beads (clay, stone, teeth, bone, copper etc). Other discoveries of this type in all Central Europe and Balkan Area sustain our hypothesis. Key words: adornment, Cauce Cave, Dentalium shell, Hunedoara County, tubular beads, Romania, Wietenberg culture. In memory of Marinas Baicoana, ex-president of "Proteus " Speleological Club, Hunedoara City The caves from Cauce, Lelese village, Hunedoara County are placed in the Eastern part of the Poiana Rusca Mountains. There is The Ceri§or-Lelese Field which evolved between Runcu and Sohodol Valley. In the last years, some of the known caves from this area have been systematically researched from a speleological and archaeological point of view, Cauce Cave and the Great Cave offering the most important results (Luca et alii 2004; Beldiman et alii 2004; Beldiman 2004d; Beldiman, Sztancs 2004; Beldiman, Sztancs 2005; Luca et alii 2005). The Great Cave or The Cave No. 1 is placed at 650 m North-East of Cauce village, on the Roman Hill, on the superior side of the right slope of Runcu Valley. The cave is developed in dolomites limestones which are specific for the geological structure of the area. The cave has two entrances and a length of 125 meters. The portal of the cave has an opening of 6.2/2.3 meters and allows the access in a large hall having the dimensions of 20/5/6 meters (Sztancs, Beldiman 2004, 97). The cave is known due to the efforts of the members of "Proteus" Speleological Club from Hunedoara (ex-president Marina? Baicoana) which discovered and mapped it in 1977. In 1979 the cave was excavated by Tiberiu Mari§, but the results of the research were not published and the materials were lost. In 1999, The "Corvins' Castle" Museum from Hunedoara, "Lucian Blaga" * "Lucian Blaga" University, Sibiu, Doctoral Program; beldiana22@yahoo.com. This article was realised during the doctoral mobility at "Eotvos Lorand" University Budapest which is part of the SOP HRD Project /6/1.5/S/26 co-financed by the European Social Fund through the Sectorial Operational Program - Human Resources Development 2007 - 2013. " "Dimitrie Cantemir" Christian University, Faculty of History, Bucharest; cbeldiman58@yahoo.com. 76 University Sibiu and the "Proteus" Speleological Club from Hunedoara organised a National Training of Speleological Archaeology when an excavation for general information was made at the cave entrance. The systematic excavations led by Professor Sabin Adrian Luca and the archaeologists Cristian Roman and Dragos. Diaconescu were made in 1999 and 2000. On this occasion two sections were dug: one at the entrance no. 2 and one in the Great Hall. The latter revealed the stratigraphy (corresponding to Prehistory) (Luca et alii 2004): • Ist level has a thickness of 2-10 cm and contains archaeological materials belonging to Turdas. (later phase - contemporary with the IInd level from Turdas/'Lunca") and Cotofeni (IInd phase); • IInd level belongs to the Cotofeni culture (IIIrd phase); • IIIrd level belongs to the Wietenberg culture (late IInd phase - beginning of the IIIrd phase). Objectives. Methodological aspects. The use of Dentalium shells as adornments Our study is integrated in the recent, systematic approach of valorisation of skeletal material artefacts discovered in Romania. In this context, the publication of the pieces has a special place. The aim of the study is to offer an example of an exhaustive presentation of two adornments made up of local fossil gastropods shells belonging to the Dentalium species. The approach offers the opportunity to review the earliest Romanian attestation of Dentalium beads. These were hung in complex adornments (necklace made of beads) or as simple pendants hung on a textile or leather wire (Beldiman 2004c; Sztancs, Beldiman 2004, 97). The methodology used in the study is based on the one established in Fiches typologiques de VIndustrie osseuse prehistorique. Cahier IV: Objets de parure, 1991, elaborated under the coordination of PhD Henriette Camps-Fabrer (Barge-Mahieu, Bellier, Camps-Fabrer et alii 1991; Beldiman 2003). In its content there are some instruments used for analysing the shells such as: the general pattern of adornment (0) (Barge-Mahieu, Taborin 1991) and the fiche for processed shells (2.1. and 2.2.) (Taborin 1991; Barge-Mahieu 1991). Yvette Taborin's book regarding the using of shells as adornments in the Paleolithic is an important contribution for the patterns used for analysing the adornments made of shells (Taborin 1993). The shells of gastropods (snails) were used as adornments from the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic (Aurignacian culture) and then in all the prehistoric ages. They have marine origin and they are both fossils pertaining to the Tertiary age (gathered from fossil areas) and to the Pleistocene species (gathered from the seashore). The terrestrial species of gastropods or the ones that live in the rivers were used as raw material for adornments only in exceptional situations. This fact is due to their specific fragility. The species with thick shells having small and medium dimensions were more extensively used. For this reason, we may distinguish three groups of shells: round (for example, Littorina); long (Turritella, for example) or shells with the body slightly curved (Dentalium, for example) (Taborin 1991, 3; Moreno Nuno, Zapata 1995, 190). From a typological or functional point of view, the artefacts made of Dentalium fossil shells are considered to be tubular beads and represent the base for shell adornments in the Mesolithic, the Neolithic, the Eneolithic and the Bronze Age in Europe (Taborin 1991, 2; Barge-Mahieu 1991, 1-2). In Romania, the Prehistoric adornments of this type coming from the archaeological cultural layers are rare. In this context, these beads are more important for the Romanian archaeology. This species presents more advantages, for that reason Prehistoric people preferred to use them. These are: the large quantities of fossil deposits, the relatively simple way of gathering the shells and the anatomic morphology which made them ideal for this type of usage. The technical interventions for obtaining a bead are quite simple. The variable-length segmentation could have been done using the transversal cutting or fracture. The simple opening of the cavity edges using the fracture of the distal extremity represents another technique of obtaining Dentalium shell beads. 77 beads from Cerisor - Cave No. 1 The two Dentalium beads were discovered in the surface no. 1, excavated in 2000, in an isolated area belonging to the Wietenberg culture. They were mentioned in the excavation report published in 2000 and in the monograph related to the above mentioned archaeological site (Roman et alii 2000, 14-15; Luca et alii 2005). In the former paper, the authors also mention the discovery of a small bead having the general shape of a "star" which was initially published as a bone bead; the piece was recovered from the interior of a Dentalium shell (Roman et alii 2000, 15, 33, pi. IV/9). Its examination with optical instruments revealed the fact that the raw material used was clay (Sztancs, Beldiman 2004, 97). This has four elongations which are placed in a cross and it has a central perforation. The dimensions are: maximum diameter: 7 mm; thickness: 5 mm; the diameter of perforation: 2.5 mm (fig. 3). The above mentioned situation offers a clue of how the necklace was manufactured by the combination of different types of beads (various raw materials, types or dimensions). It is not clear if the ceramic bead was preserved inside of the shell bead because both pieces were hung on a string at the same time or perhaps, the former one got there by intended placement, without the obligatory presence of the string (for hanging). The solution to this problem does not change the conclusion regarding the combination of different elements made of various raw materials that were hung on a string forming a necklace. Dentalium beads are this type of elements. Morphology The adopted conventions for these artefacts are related to the identification of the proximal part/extremity (EP-PP) as the one with a larger diameter and of the distal part/extremity (ED-PD) as the one with a smaller diameter. For the middle part is used the abbreviation PM. According to the Beldiman 2007 typology, the pieces belong to the type 7/7 C7 (Beldiman 2007,135). The artefact CRM/Ill 1 (fig. 1) is entirely preserved and has a very good conservation status. It has the anatomic general shape slightly curved and its surfaces' profile is blunted discontinuously, especially at PP. The contour of the EP is strongly accentuated. This fact is due to the transversal cutting and to the usage which determined the intense bluntness and the rounded edges. Also, on two areas, we observed detachments of 5/2 mm which occurred after the shell was fractured. ED is slightly oblique and on an area of circumference, it presents a dent of 2 mm depth and 3 mm length; it has rounded edges and it is intensely blunted. At the dent's base, a part of the cutting groove is slightly oblique on the long axis of the piece. The artefact CRM/Ill 2 (fig. 2) is preserved entirely and has a very good conservation status. The parameters of the artefact are relatively similar to the ones of the piece CRM/Ill 1. The general shape is anatomical, slightly curved and the surfaces' profile is discontinuously blunted (especially at PP). The proximal extremity has a slightly winding shape, almost regular, being slightly oblique on the long axis of the piece. The shape of this part resulted from the transversal cutting and came as a result of the utilisation which determined its intense bluntness and the rounded edges. There are no detachments due to the fracture. The distal extremity is slightly oblique and does not preserve traces of cutting. The edges are uniform, but they are intensely blunted. Morphometry The dimensions of the artefacts are in millimetres. We may observe that they are quite the same and the standard length of the pieces is about 55 mm. Artefact Total length Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Thickness Thickness EP PM EP of EP of ED CRM/Ill 1 56 9 7.5 5 1.2 1 CRM/Ill 2 53 9 7.5 5 1.2 1 78 Technical study In the case of the Dentalium tubular beads the debitage stage is absent. The shells were only shaped. It is possible that the raw material comes from the fossil deposit that exists in the neighbourhood: the place named Buituri (in past time, a village) near to Hunedoara city. There, in a place called "John's Well" Dentalium shells were identified (Luca et alii 1998; Baicoana 1999; Sztancs, Beldiman 2004, 100). Among the economical reasons, the exploitations of the fossil deposit from the Eastern part of the Poiana Rusca Mountains may be related to the regular presence of the communities in that area (probably in warm seasons). Shaping/Faconnage The transversal cutting of the extremities using a lithic or a metallic blade and fracture represent the main technological procedures of faconnage. The specific traces are preserved on the edges of the CRM/Ill 1 artefact. In this way, at the proximal extremity there are two detachments of 2-5 mm which probably resulted during the direct percussion procedure (fig. 1/5-6). The slightly oblique cutting using a metal blade determined the appearance of a groove (4 mm long and 0.8 mm depth) at the distal extremity (ED). The groove has a "V" profile and was blunted because of the usage (fig. 1/3-4). Wear traces. Remarks regarding the function The beads' free hanging on a wire (leather or string) produced the intense bluntness of the extremities edges. This fact faded the cutting traces and determined the strong polish of the edges (fig. 1/5-6; 2/5-6). Also, the bluntness of the anatomic surface is the result of the rubbing on the textile or on the leather clothes. We may conclude that the tubular Dentalium shell beads were necklace elements and in combination with other necklace elements were axially hung on a string. The discovery of the clay bead in the shape of a star from the inside of one of the shell beads is a proof in this case. In this kind of adornments other types of adornments might have been included (animal teeth, lithic or clay pieces - beads). The Dentalium beads could have been lost in the cave or could have been abandoned with a ritual purpose. The second hypothesis is frequent in Prehistory and it is documented by a large number of valuable artefacts which were discovered unbroken in abries sites or in archaeological sites placed in karstic areas from Romania (Beldiman, Sztancs 2004; Sztancs, Beldiman 2004; Nicolaescu-Plop§or et alii 1957). At Cauce Cave, in grave no. 1 (M 1/1998) another two Dentalium beads belonging to Wietenberg culture were discovered (Luca et alii 2004, pi. VI/1-2; Sztancs, Beldiman 2004; Luca et alii 2005, 42; Beldiman, Sztancs 2005, pi. XXXVI/CRC VII 5-6). The wear traces and the analogies coming from funerary contexts confirm the idea of using these beads hung on a string as a necklace. Analogies. The using of beads as adornments The dating of the artefacts discovered at Cave No. 1 from Cauce was done according to ceramics analysis. According to this, the Dentalium beads belong to the late IInd phase - beginning of the IHrd phase of the Wietenberg culture (Roman etalii 2000, 9-10, 14; Beldiman, Sztancs 2005, 180). In Romania, the gastropods' shell adornments (perforated Helix shells) were discovered in 1925-1926 at Ripiceni-"Stanca" by Nicolae N. Moro§an. The beads were found in the Vth archaeological level which, from a cultural point of view, belonged to the gravettian culture. Unfortunately, the data regarding this discovery is uncertain because the use of this type of shell is unusual in the Upper Paleolithic (Moro§an 1938; Beldiman 2004b, with literature). Recently (2003), in the Gravettian site of Piatra Neamt-"Poiana Cire§ului", in the first archaeological level, four Congeria fossil bivalve shells without technical traces were discovered. 79 Probably, these were gathered from a fossil deposit (Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene) located in the area and brought into the site. The archaeologists who discovered the shells believed that this fact is due to the symbolical analogy with vulva morphology (Carciumaru, Margarit et alii 2003; Beldiman 2004b, with literature). In the case of the Epipaleolithic epoch (Tardigravettian culture, the Mediterranean aspect) the archaeological literature mentions more discoveries of fossil shells; the oldest ones belong to the Dentalium species. At Baile Herculane-"Pe§tera Hotilor", inrf level, Alexandru V. Grossu identified in the malacological assemblages, the next species: Lithogliphus naticoides, Cepaea vindobonensis, Helix pomatia sj Cerithium sp. He did not mention any technological traces of any of those shells, but the foreign characteristic of these make us to believe that they were gathered with the purpose of being used as raw materials for adornments (Mogo§anu, 1971; Beldiman 2004b, with literature). Some gastropods shells discovered in the Ist level of the Drobeta-Turnu Severin - Schela Cladovei are also mentioned, but the authors of the research do not detail the subject (Boroneant 1980; Beldiman 2004b, with literature). At Dubova-"Cuina Turcului", from the first levels (Ist - IInd) one of the most important assemblage of Epipaleolithic gastropod and lamellibranchiate shell adornments were discovered. Six species of local fossil and subfossil were attested. In the first level two Dentalium shells were mentioned (one of them broken and one entire). From the second level, a Dentalium shell and 52 perforated shells were mentioned, all belonging to following species: Theodoxus transversalis; Theodoxus danubialis; Lythogliphus naticoides (the most); Nassa (Cyclope) neritea; Zebrina detrita (Grossu 1970; Paunescu, 1978; Beldiman 2004b, with literature). In another site, Dubova-"Pe§tera Climente II" a broken Dentalium shell from the Epipaleolithic level was found (Boroneant 1970; Beldiman 2004b, with literature). During the archaeological research of Ostrovul Banului, in the Epigravettian level, a broken Dentalium shell and 20 shells were recovered, belonging to the local species, Theodoxus danubialis shaped by splitting (Boroneant 1979; Beldiman 2004b, with literature). In '70 Eugen Com§a summed up the data regarding the Neolithic and Eneolithic Dentalium discoveries from the settlements and necropolises from Andolina, Ceamurlia de Jos, Cernica, Glina, Vadastra and Vara§ti (Com§a 1973). For the Bronze Age, respectively the Wietenberg culture, there is a very well documented article written in 1984 by Tiberiu Jurcsak in which the author refers to the discoveries from the well-known settlement from Dersjda (Jurcsak 1984). In this article, the author mentions the existence of more than 200 Dentalium shells from which 86 are preserved in the Museum of Oradea (Jurcsak 1984, 111; fig. 1-4). There are more analogies that should be mentioned for this type of artefacts: Piatra Craivii, Santimbru, Telna (Andritoiu 1992, 46, 208, pi. 40/12-13; Riscuta 1995). For the Poiana Rusca Mountains we have the data regarding the fossil deposit from Buituri that was mentioned in the XIXth century in literature as an important paleontological site (Luca et alii 1998; Baicoana 1999; Roman 2008, 22). The situation is similar with the one from Dersjda where there is also a fossil deposit from where the shells might have been gathered. Recently, the discoveries from Cauce Cave attested the using of Dentalium shells in the Wietenberg culture. The two Dentalium shell beads found in the grave no. 1/1998 are similar from a morphological and a typological point of view. Additionally, these were discovered in situ, respectively in the neck area. This fact suggests the idea of using the beads as elements in a necklace (Roman et alii 2000, 14-15; Luca et alii 2004, 48-49, 237, pi. VI/1-2; Sztancs, Beldiman 2004, 102; Luca et alii 2005, 180; Roman 2008, 122). In Europe there are a lot of discoveries where beads made of Dentalium in combination with other types of shell beads or teeth were used as necklaces. The analogies presented are especially morphological. We mention selectively some of these discoveries coming from the archaeological sites from Western Europe: the South of France (The Pirinei Mountains area or the Mediterranean shore) (Taborin 1991, 11 sqq) or Spain (Baldeon 1985, 163; Alvarez Fernandez 2006, 253; Jover Maestre, Lujan Navas 2010, 110; Lujan Navas, Jover Maestre 2008). 80 In our areas, there are a lot of discoveries of this type of shells. We mention only few of them: Cave Bacho-Kiro from Bulgaria (Kozlowski 1991, 33-43; Zilhao 2008, 55), Vinca-Belo Brdo (Dimitrijevic 2010), Durankulak (Todorova 2002) or Varna (Chapman 2011). For the Neolithic of Hungary, the Dentalium beads were found in a hoard (which was dated from Lengyel culture). The hoard was found in 1896, on the southern region of Felsoors. It contained adornments made of 280 mollusks some red stone pearls which were deposited in a clay pot. The malacological investigation revealed the presence of Scaphopials, more precisely, the species Dentalium badense Partsch, 1856. The authors mention Varpalota (30 kilometers from the place of discovery) as the source of collecting mollusks which were gathered in the hoard (Regenye et alii 2009, 421 sqq). In an analysis regarding the Neolithic graves of the Southern Transdanubian region reveals the fact that the fossil Dentalium shells were used for adornments. The proportion presented by the author of study is proportion of 14.75% (Sumegi 2009b, 340, table 4). At the Baden cemetery from Budakalasz, most of the beads are made of Dentalium shells (662 - 19.22%). The author of the archaeomalacological research presents the main fossil deposits from area and underlines the fact that the beads were made of local shells (Sumegi 2009a, 426; Sumegi 2009b, 338). Also, there is described an important procedure regarding the combination between the Dentalium beads and copper (Sumegi 2009a, 428, pi. 7-8). The discoveries from Budakalasz are very important because they testify the way in which the raw materials were used for adornments. The necklaces were made by combining the shell beads with the ones made of copper, limestone, clay or teeth (Siklosi 2004, 22). The study is very important because it presents also the fossil deposits used for obtaining these raw materials. The using of Dentalium shells in Early Bronze Age is attested by the discoveries of this type of beads in the necropolis from Hernadkak from Hungary. These are mentioned in the grave no. 54 (Schalk 1992, 338, fig. 13/11; 26/4), the grave 78 (Schalk 1992, 140; fig. 16/7) and in the grave no. 129 (Schalk 1992, 365; fig. 25/7; 32/4-8). The using of Dentalium shells in the Middle Bronze Age is also attested by discoveries from Central European area. In this context, we should mention the important contribution of Istvan Bona, Die Mittlere Bronzezeit Ungarns und ihre Suddstlichen Beziehungen where a lot of Dentalium shell adornments are presented. We mention the grave no. 64 from Soreg (Bona 1975, fig. 119/15) and the grave no. 11 from Gata (Bona 1975, fig. 277/11). These are only two discoveries from the ones that are presented in the monograph (Bona 1975). For the Gata-Wieselburg culture, Middle Bronze Age, we have a very recent publication related to the adornments made of fossil Dentalium shells discovered in the graves (Nagy, Figler 2009). The authors mention the using of the beads in necklaces with bronze spirals. The sites quoted are Hegyeshalom, grave no. 5 where were discovered 3 row necklaces made from 10 bronze spirals and 6 Dentalium shells (Nagy, Figler 2009, fig. 1 and 2) and grave no. 21 where from comes a row necklace made from bronze spirals and Dentalium shells; Szeleste where in an isolated grave were discovered 5 Dentalium shell beads around the skull (Nagy, Figler 2009, 261; fig. 7/7). These are only a small part of analogies mentioned in the literature. We have also this type of discoveries dated from Bronze Age in actual territory of Austria, Germany (Deutschkreutz, Jois, Gattendorf) (Nagy, Figler 2009, 257) or southern part of Europe - Greece (McDonald, Wilkie 1992). All these discoveries, most of them from the graves, sustain the hypothesis formulated at the beginning of the study that these fossil shells were used as adornments. 81 Conclusions The discovery of the two tubular Dentalium beads allowed us to analyse in detail the relevant clues regarding the manufacturing chain of this type of artefacts and the way in which they were used. The shaping of the beads was made using the transversal cutting and fracture on both extremities. The intense bluntness and polish of extremities' edges and of the objects' surfaces suggest a relative long period of using by free axial hanging on a string, probably in a necklace (with other perforated elements, other types of beads made of clay, lithic materials or skeletal materials). Also, the present approach gave us the opportunity of review the using of Dentalium shells as adornments in Romania. Here we mention the Epipaleolithical discoveries from Iron Gates area (the Ist and the IInd archaeological levels from Dubova-"Cuina Turcului"; the first archaeological level from Dubova-"Pe§tera Climente II"; the first archaeological level from Ostrovul Banului. Also we quoted some of analogies from international literature. This is due to the fact that the fossil deposits were intensely used for obtaining raw materials for adornments. Concluding, we may assert that this article contributes at the repertoire of shell adornments (with a special attention to the Bronze Age) in the regions of Romania in Prehistory where there are important raw materials resources and fossil deposits which were known and systematically used since those times. Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to Professor Sabin Adrian Luca and PhD Cristian Roman because they offered us the opportunity to study the skeletal materials artefacts discovered at Cauce Cave. We are also grateful to Professor PhD Alice Choyke (Central European University Budapest, Aquincum Museum Budapest) for scientific advice regarding the Bronze Age in Hungary and for offering us many literature of this domain. We thank to Zsuzsanna Toth, PhD student at "Eotvos Lorand" University from Budapest for helping us with the translation of some Hungarian bibliography. Translation by Diana-Maria Sztancs; English revision by Andreea Daniela Hompoth, University of Bucharest. Bibliography ALVAREZ FERNANDEZ 2006 ANDRITOIU 1992 ANGELESCU et alii 2004 BAICOANA 1999 BALDEON 1985 Alvarez Fernandez, Esteban, Los objetos de adorno- colgantes del Paleolitico Superior y del Mesolitico en la Cornisa Cantdbrica y en el Valle del Ebro: una vision europea, Salamanca. Andritoiu, loan, Civilizatia tracilor din sud-vestul Transilvaniei in epoca bronzului, Institutul Roman de Tracologie, Bibliotheca Thracologica II, Bucure§ti. 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Prehistoria y Arqueologia, t. 1, 2008, 47-58. 86 Fig. 1 CRM/Ill 1: 1 5- - 2 general views; 3-4 views of distal extremities; - 6 views of proximal extremities. 87 Fig. 2 CRM/Ill 2:1-2 general view; 3-4 views of distal extremities; 5-6 views of proximal extremities. 88 . 3 CRM/Ill: ceramic bead found in the interior of one tubular Dentalium bead. 89 Analele Universitatii Creatine „Dimitrie Cantemir", Bucure§ti, Seria Istorie - Serie noua, Anul 1, Nr. 4, 2010, p. 184-186 ISSN 2068 - 3766 (online); ISSN 2068 - 3758 (CD-ROM); ISSN 1584 - 3343 (print) A.M.A.E. - The Archives of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bucharest Abwehr - Amt Ausland/Abwehr im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (German Military Intelligence; in German: defense) ActaMP - Acta Musei Porolissensis. Anuarul Muzeului Judetean Salaj, Zalau b. - born cal. - calibrated (radiometric data) CC of RWP - Central Committee of Romanian Workers' Party CHNA, CC of RCP-Chancellery - Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party - Chancellery Collection (hereafter) CIL - Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin. CEVIEC - Institutul de Memorie Culturala, Ministerial Culturii §i Cultelor, Bucure§ti CLEMAM - Check List of European Marine Mollusca, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris: http://www.somali.asso.fr/clemam Col. - collection com. - comuna (commune) coord. - coordinator Corviniana - Corviniana. Acta Musei Corvinensis, Muzeul «Castelul Corvine§tilor», Hunedoara d. - dead Dacia - Dacia. Recherches et decouvertes archeologiques en Roumanie, Bucure§ti Dacia, NS - Dacia. Revue d'archeologie et d'histoire ancienne, Nouvelle Serie, Bucure§ti Dpto - Dipartamento Drobeta - Drobeta. Anuarul Muzeului «Portilor de Fier», Drobeta-Turnu Severin ECSC - The European Coal and Steel Community ed(s). - editor(s) ERAUL - Etudes et recherches archeologiques de l'Universite de Liege, Liege ETA - Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (in Basque: Basque Homeland and Freedom) EU - European Union FMES - La Fondation Mediterraneenne d'Etudes Strategiques i.p. - in press 184 IDR - Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae, Bucure§ti, Paris ILD - Petolescu, C. C, Inscriptiile latine dinDacia, Bucure§ti, 2005 jud. - judet (county) KFOR - Kosovo Force (NATO) LGM - Last Glacial Maximum Lt.col. - lieutenant-colonel M.R.P. - The Republican Popular Movement Materiale - Materiale §i cercetari arheologice, Bucure§ti MemAntiq - Memoria Antiquitatis. Acta Musei Petrodavensis, Muzeul Judetean de Istorie Neamt, Piatra Neamt Memoires de la SPF - Memoires de la Societe Prehistorique Francise, Paris MNI - Minimum number of individuals (archaeozoology) MSD - Medzinarodny sudny dvor NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization NOMENCLATOR - Mocsy, A., Feldmann, R., Marton, E., Szilagy, M., Nomenclator, Dissertationes Pannonicae III, 1, Budapest, 1983 NR - Number of rests (archaeozoology) O.S.D. - Overseas Surveys Directorate ONOMASTICON - Onomasticonprovinciarum Europae Latinarum: I - Lorincz, B., Redo, F., Budapest 1994; II - Lorincz, B., Wien 1999; III - Lorincz, B., Wien 2000; IV - Lorincz, B., Wien 2002 P.C.F. - The French Communist Party P.R.L. - Republican Party of Liberty P.R.S. - Republican Syndicalist Party pi. - plate(s) Prahistorische Zeitschrift - Prahistorische Zeitschrift, Berlin-New York PUF - Presses Universitaires de France, Paris R.I. - Independent Radicals R.P.F. - Rassemblement du Peuple Francais RevBist - Revista Bistritei, Complexul Muzeal Judetean Bistrita-Nasaud, Bistrita RPR - Popular Republic of Romania S.F.I.O. - The Socialist Party-The French Section of the International Workers Movement SCIVA - Studii §i cercetari de istorie veche §i arheologie, Bucure§ti sp. - species Speomond - Speomond. Revista Federatiei Romane de Speologie, Bucure§ti SSI - Romanian Army's Intelligence Service tab. cer. -tabula(e) cerata(e) Tibiscus - Tibiscus. Anuarul Muzeului Banatului, Timi§oara 185 U.D.S.R. - The Socialist-Democrat Union for Resistance U.S.A. - United States of America UCK - Ushtria Cjlirimtare e Kosoves UISPP - Union Internationale des Sciences prehistoriques et protohistoriques l'UNESCO, Paris UN - United Nations USSR - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics vol. - volume TCB - rucTopira CBeucKOH bohhm (TIofleHHbie 3anncKH IleTpa BenuKoro). M., 2004 M. - MocKBa, Moscow 111 IB - IlaMHTHHKH IlHCbMeHHOCTH BoCTOKa PFA/TA - Pocchhckhh rocyflapCTBeHHbiu apxuB ApeBHux aKTOB. MocKBa CII6. - CaHKT-IIeTepGypr (Saint-Petersburg) 186