Ancient Greek Coin Finds from Risan more

L’ILLYRIE MÉRIDIONALE ET L’ÉPIRE DANS L’ANTIQUITÉ- V Actes du Ve colloque international de Grenoble (8-11 octobre 2008) réunis par Jean-Luc LAMBOLEY et Maria Paola CASTIGLIONI VOLUME I L’ILLYRIE MÉRIDIONALE ET L’ÉPIRE DANS L’ANTIQUITÉ- V Actes du Ve colloque international de Grenoble (8-11 octobre 2008) réunis par Jean-Luc LAMBOLEY et Maria Paola CASTIGLIONI Publiés par le CRHIPA avec le concours du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et Européennes du Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche et du Conseil Régional Rhône-Alpes Diffusion DE BOCCARD 11 rue de Médicis- 75005 Paris DUBRAVKA UJES MORGAN ANCIENT GREEK COIN FINDS FROM RISAN This article presents an overview of the classical and Hellenistic coins discovered at modern Risan in Montenegro, which is located on the site of the ancient Rhizon, in the Gulf of Kotor, the ancient Sinus Rhizonicus (fig. 1)1. On the shore, the lower town of Rhizon was enclosed by large city walls datable to the late 5th or the 4th century B.C., and on top of the nearby hill called Gradina there is a fortress whose walls are datable to the late 4th or the 3rd century B.C.2. Polybius (II, 11, 16) states that in 229 B.C., after the Romans had defeated Teuta, the widow of the Illyrian king Agron, she took refuge in Rhizon, which he describes as a small but strongly fortified city. Livy (XLV, 26, 2) records that in 167 B.C. a Roman garrison commanded by C. Licinius was introduced into Rhizon, and a little later (XKV, 26, 13) he also mentions the Rhizonitae in the same region as the * I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Alojz and Emilija Ujes, my parents, and Prof. John D. Morgan III, my husband, for their invaluable help during all phases of my work. 1 For the geographical position of the town and gulf see Pseudo-Scylax, Periplous 24-25, Strabo, Geographia VII, 5, 3 and 7, Apollonius, Argonautica IV, 516, Pliny, Historia Naturalis III, 144, Stephanus Byzantius, Ethnica s.v. Ρίζων and also s.v. Βουθόη, Claudius Ptolemaeus, Geographia II, 16 (17), 5 and II, 16 (17), 12, Tabula Peutingeriana VI, .1, Anonymus Ravennas, Cosmographia 4. 16 (and perhaps also 5. 14), Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, De thematibus 2. 9 and De administrando imperio 34. For general background information on Rhizon, see OBERHUMMER 1914, p. 937-939, ALFÖLDY 1968, p. 1214-1217 and CABANES 2001, col. 1023-1024. For Rhizon as a regional center at the crossroad of the sea and land routes, see UJES 1999/2, p. 212213. 2 The walls of Rhizon were discussed in GARAŠANIN 1966, p. 27-36. However, the dates cited above result from my own unpublished research. Parts of the walls of Rhizon are comparable with the walls of the towns along the eastern coasts of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, such as, for example, the walls of Lissos, Chimara (Chaonia), Amantia, and Bouthrotos; see BEAUMONT 1952, p. 69-72. Agravonitae and the Olciniatae, in connection with the Roman division of the Illyrian territory into three parts in 167 B.C. Fig. 1 : ancient cities on the coasts of the southern Adriatic and the Ionian Seas. Various authors of the 19th century reported the frequency of coin finds in Risan mentioning “numerous specimens of gold and silver coins”, “many Roman bronze coins”, and “frequent finds of coins”3. The ancient coins, Greek as well as Roman, are most frequently found at Carine, the site of the ancient lower town of Rhizon, where several coin hoards and cumulative sitefinds and innumerable single coins have been discovered (fig. 2). The most frequent by far are the coins of King Ballaios locally minted in Rhizon. In the 1870’s Sir Arthur J. Evans could collect himself a “half dozen brass [immo bronze] pieces of King Ballaios in the course of less than an hour”4. Evans VRČEVIĆ 1843, p. 30 ; GELCHICH 1868, p. 191; CONS 1882, p. 250. These reports unfortunately remained unspecific. RICHLÝ 1898, p. 150-151, provided more specific information on the large number of coins he discovered in Risan – see the section below on single coin finds. 4 EVANS 1880, 290-291. 3 DUBRAVKA UJES MORGAN proceeded to accentuate that “the extraordinary feature of this site is its inexhaustible fertility in the small brass pieces of the native King Ballaios and his successors”, and with his discoveries he introduced the mint of Rhizon into numismatic studies5. largest part of the coins that he discovered there or acquired from the local people were surface site-finds7. H. Richlý, the architect and conservator of the Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Central Institute for Research and Maintenance of Monuments of Art and History, conducted in the 1890’s the first systematic archaeological survey and excavations in Risan and provided a report on the ruins and loose finds from Carine8. He discovered over three hundred coins of various types in both his excavations and as stray surface finds, but in his report he treated them all together, for which reason they are quoted in the section on single coin finds. I could not trace any coin from these early researches, except those bequeathed to the Ashmolean Museum by Arthur Evans and his family9. After World War I, small-scale archaeological excavations continued to be occasionally carried out in Risan, but unfortunately the finds were rarely published, and the coins were mentioned only very briefly if at all10. In 1988 the Regional Institute for EVANS 1880, p. 291, and also 1885, p. 40, 42, for his excavations and the Hellenistic and Roman finds from Carine, among which were many coins, with over a hundred of King Ballaios. See also the section on single coin finds. 8 RICHLÝ 1898, on Risan p. 145-152, and on the coin finds especially p. 150-151. 9 I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Henry Kim, Keeper of the Greek Coin Collection of the Ashmolean Museum, for kindly allowing me to examine the published and unpublished coins from the collection of Arthur J. Evans and to use them in my study. 10 These excavations and a couple of archaeological surveys, from which the finds, including the coins, have not been published at all or were only briefly reported, were conducted before, during and after World War II approximately every ten years or at least seven times in the 20th century (it is difficult to track information for those during World War II and also some more recent); see UJES-KOVAčEVIć 1992, p. 10, and UJES 1999/2, p. 204 for information on some of them. From 2001 to 2005 an archaeological team lead by P. Dyczek from the University of Warsaw, in collaboration with the Regional Institute for Protection of Monuments from Kotor, excavated at several spots of the ancient town; reports mention the coins only briefly, see for instance the report by DYCZEK et al. 2004, p. 112 (“coins of Zakynthos and 7 Fig. 2 : map of Risan with the areas of discovery of the coin finds. Only published coins are taken into account in this work, and they are presented in four sections: the coins from excavations, coin hoards, cumulative site finds and other coin lots, and single coin finds. 1. Coins from excavations Small-scale archaeological excavations have been carried out in Risan from the beginning of the 19th century to the present day. The first excavations were conducted some time between 1807 and 1813 by L.-C. Vialla de Sommières, the commander of Herceg-Novi and governor of the province of Kotor in Napoleon Bonaparte’s Illyria6. In the late 1870’s Sir Arthur J. Evans investigated the whole terrain of Risan and excavated in several spots in Carine, but the 5 6 EVANS 1885, 43. VIALLA DE SOMMIÈRES 1820, excavations 246-247, with no coin specifically mentioned; other antiquities in Risan, p. 244-249. 116 ANCIENT GREEK COIN FINDS FROM RISAN the Protection of Monuments from Kotor conducted excavations in the eastern part of Carine - for the location of the excavated area see the symbol I within the site n° 1 in fig. 2. The structures of small stone houses and narrow streets11 were discovered on a surface of ca. 130m2, yielding a large number of pottery fragments, numerous small objects of clay and metal, and 133 specimens of bronze coins (fig. 3)12. Of these, all the 103 accessible and legible specimens belong to the issues of King Ballaios, 100 to the Rhizonian type and only 3 to the Pharian type13. These two types of King Ballaios’ coinage have the following distinctive features: - The Pharian type, with the head of the king on the obverse and on the reverse a stationary figure of Artemis holding a torch between two parts of the king’s name in the genitive case: ΒΑΛΛΑΙΟΥ. - the Rhizonian type, with the same kind of obverse, but on the reverse a dynamic representation of Artemis running to the left with a torch and two spears, between the king’s name ΒΑΛΛΑΙΟΥ on one side, and the royal title ΒΑΣΙΛΕ Σ on the other (fig. 4)14. Locris”; “more than 150 coins” of Ballaios, but it is not clear if this number includes the already published), 115 (coins “mainly of Ballaios”), 117 (“coins from the 4th century” [after Christ]). 11 These structures correspond to EVANS’ (1880, p. 291) description of “basement floors of houses and the pavements of narrow streets”, which he had excavated. 12 For the description and analysis of the archaeological context of these coins, especially the pottery fragments, see UJES 1994, p. 141-144. See also KOVAČEVIĆ 1998, p. 103-107 for a report on these excavations. The finds from these excavations still await publication. 13 For the coins see UJES-KOVAčEVIć 1992, passim; 5 specimens were not accessible; 25 were damaged and could not be classified in any of the groups in the catalog, but they most probably also belong to the issues of King Ballaios, except for one specimen of a much larger size. See also UJES 1994, p. 140141. 14 CAVEDONI 1842, p. 128, first differentiated these two types, and EVANS 1880, p. 296-297, labelled them the ‘Pharian’ and ‘Rhizonian’ types according to the ancient names of the places of their most Fig. 3 : plan of the area excavated in 1988 with the coin finds. The large number of specimens allowed a detailed analysis of the variations of style within the Rhizonian type and some metrological considerations. The main significance of these excavations is that they were the first to reveal the coins of King Ballaios in an excavated archaeological context.15 The whole excavated area was rich in fragments of chronologically indicative imported pottery ranging from the late 4th to the 2nd century B.C., which gives an important hint for the chronology of King Ballaios’ coinage. For this coinage still has no firm chronological frame, mainly because of the lack of any pertinent literary information about King Ballaios. Arthur Evans dated this coinage between ca. 167 B.C. and ca. 135 B.C.16, i.e. between the fall of the Macedonian kingdom and the expedition by the consul Servius Fulvius Flaccus against the Illyrians. In the 1930’s, J. M. F. May dated it from ca. 195/190 to ca. 175 B.C., which was followed by G. frequent occurrence. For a detailed analysis of these two types see UJES 1993, p. 7-18. 15 The Hellenistic hill-fort Gradina near Stolac in Herzegovina is the only other site that yielded numerous coins of King Ballaios; however, these and the coins of various Greek issuing authorities from this site are surface stray finds: MARIĆ 1973, p. 237255. 16 EVANS 1880, 292, p. 299-301. This chronology was discussed by BRUNŠMID 1898, 76-77, and subsequently widely accepted. 117 DUBRAVKA UJES MORGAN Gorini17. The characteristics of this coinage, such as its style, bearing the royal title, the presence of issues in silver as well as in bronze, and its spread on both sides of the Adriatic Sea indicate that it should rather be dated during the period of the greatest Illyrian power, some time in the second half of the 3rd century B.C.18, and the pottery finds from the excavations seem to corroborate this proposal. saw mill lies within the perimeter of the town walls of Rhizon. Contents: This hoard originally consisted of over 300 large silver coins, including: - Over 200 tetradrachmas of the Greek foundation Damastion in inland Illyria20. - A much smaller unknown number of similar tetradrachmas of other inland issuing authorities conventionally called “Illyro-Paeonian”. - Over 100 staters of Corinth and her colonies. The following coins could be identified (in the literature and collections): - 35 tetradrachmas (fig. 5): Damastion 30, Daparria 3, Pelagia 1, Tenestini(?) 1, all in J. M. F. MAY’s 1939 catalog. B. HORVAT 1936, p. 40-49, provided preliminary information on 25 tetradrachmas. The ten tetradrachmas in the National Museum in Belgrade have been analyzed by D. UJES 1997, p. 7-10. These tetradrachmas belong to the later phases of the coinage of Damastion, to May’s group VII, dated from ca. 365/360 to ca. 350/345 B.C., and group VIII, from ca. 350/345 to ca. 330 B.C. The tetradrachmas of Daparria are dated from ca. 365/360 to ca. 325 B.C. See J. M. F. MAY 1939, 106107, 148 and 167. - 25 staters of Corinth and her colonies: Corinth 11, Corinth or Dyrrhachion 2, Dyrrhachion 2, Leucas 5, Korkyra 1, Anaktorion 3, Ambrakia (or Anaktorion?) 1. B. Horvat 1936, 49-52, provided brief information on 13 staters. See D. UJES 1997, 10-12, for the 12 staters in the Belgrade Museum, and D. UJES 1999/1, p. 107-114 for the analysis of all the 25 staters. Fig. 4 : coin of King Ballaios from Carine. 2. Coin Hoards Hoard n° 1, Risan 1927, IGCH 391. This hoard was discovered at a depth of only ca. 1 meter below the surface, on the occasion of the excavation for the foundations of a saw mill in the field Carine - see the site no. 1 in fig. 2, especially the spots II and III19. The area occupied by this J. M. F. May in his unpublished manuscript in the Ashmolean Museum, followed by G. Gorini, as indicated in GORINI 1991, p. 28. See also GORINI 1984, p. 49. For more details on May’s work see VISONÀ 2000, p. 61-63. See also the survey of the research about King Ballaios in ŠAŠEL-KOS 2007, especially p. 137 for his chronology. 18 UJES 2004, p. 156. 19 The site n° 1 indicates the extent of the area occupied by various structures of the saw mill and its stacks of wood. Excavations of at least 1m of depth that could have revealed the Hoard no. 1 were carried out at least at two places: for the main workshop, which was approximately at the spot II, and for the private port of this mill, which was at the spot III. The massive ruins of these structures were demolished and removed in the 1980’s. The background map of Risan is from the late 1980’s, and there was a massive building activity thereafter. I know well the local topography because my father’s family is from Risan. 17 See Strabo VIII, 8.16, in the edition by R. BALADIÉ (1989), which includes W. Aly’s reading of a Vatican palimpsest with a clear statement on the founding of Damastion by Aeginetans and Mendaeans shortly after 423 B.C. See also the discussion in UJES 2002, p. 104. 20 118 ANCIENT GREEK COIN FINDS FROM RISAN The chronology of the Corinthian staters according to O. RAVEL 1936 ranges from his 3rd period, transition from 457 to 415 B.C., 2nd class, from 439 to 431 B.C. for the oldest specimen, to his 5th period (O. RAVEL 1948), from 386 to 307 B.C. (series with letters), with 6 specimens. The chronology of the staters of other cities is approximately the 4th century B.C. Burial date: J. M. F. MAY 1939, p. 201, in accordance with his chronology of the coinage of the tetradrachmas: “ca. 330 B.C. … is, perhaps, a little too early, as Daparria 5ii may itself be no earlier than that year…”. B. HORVAT 1936, 51 and 64: “not long after 330 B.C.’ IGCH: ca. 330 B.C. MAY 1939, p. 12-19, dated the coinage of Damastion approximately from ca. 395 to ca. 330 B.C. However, the information by Strabo (VIII, 8.16) about the foundation of Damastion shortly after 423 B.C. implies that its minting might have started more than two decades earlier. Hence with the same estimated mint output and duration of minting activity, the end of this coinage and the beginning of the lesser coinages could correspondingly be dated earlier. Consequently the burial of the Hoard n° 1 could be earlier by at least a decade, or more. The chronology of the issues of Damastion certainly needs further research. Disposition: this hoard was dispersed soon after its discovery in 1927. J. KLEMENC 1936, p. 128, provides detailed information about various directions of its dispersion (Zagreb, Belgrade, Turkey, among the locals, etc.). See below for the part in the National Museum in Belgrade. Literature: KLEMENC 1936, p. 127-128, n° 15. HORVAT 1936, p. 26-64. MAY 1939, p. 8, 11, 37, 126-127, 199-202, and in his catalog 34 tetradrachmas in total from this hoard. IGCH 391. MIRNIK 1981, n° 9. UJES 1993, p. 6. UJES 1995, p. 45, 59. D. UJESROMIć 1996, p. 86. UJES 1997, p. 718.UJES 1999/1, p. 107-114. UJES 2002, p. 113-114. A B Fig. 5 : coins of Damastion (A) and Corinth (B) from the hoard n° 1. 119 DUBRAVKA UJES MORGAN Within the overall range of diffusion of the hoards containing the staters of Corinth and her colonies, this hoard belongs to the zone comprising the Adriatic Sea and North-Western Greece. Within this zone, this is the northernmost hoard, although single coins have occasionally been found further to the northwest along the eastern Adriatic coast21. Except for Corinth, all the cities issuing the staters are situated on the east coast of the Ionian Sea; the tetradrachmas, however, originate from towns in the hinterland. The combination of these two kinds of coins from distant regions in a single hoard seems to indicate that in the 4th century B.C. Rhizon played the role of a port of trade22. The spot where the hoard was discovered is situated in the urban area within the perimeter of the townwalls of Rhizon, which is a relatively rare place for depositing a hoard with staters23. Several spots in Carine yielded fragments of pottery of South Italian origin datable to the 4th and early 3rd century B.C., such as late red-figure pottery perhaps of Apulian production, plain black glazed ware, and Gnathia pottery24. Some of the high-quality pottery might well come from Dyrrhachium and Apollonia, but the lack of a comprehensive work on these centers of production prevents a more precise attribution. These finds of imported pottery contribute to our knowledge of early trade connections of Rhizon. The types of coin finds from the site Carine in Risan An explanation is needed at this point, because it clarifies the Hoard n° 1 and See UJES 1995, p. 48-49, for the finds of Corinthian coins along the eastern Adriatic coast. 22 CRAWFORD 1985, 221, suggested that this hoard may represent booty or the accumulation by a mercenary. Its position inside the town walls could have various explanations. 23 Some hoards with staters were concealed in the centers of the indigenous towns in Sicily, but in an earlier period, see STAZIO 1982, p. 55, 59, 63-64. 24 UJES 1999/2, p. 205-207, Pl. 4-6; these fragments come from construction, field- and various other works in Carine which involved non-archaeological excavations. 21 also the site-finds listed below. There are 10 tetradrachmas (Damastion 8, Daparria 2) and 12 staters (Corinth 6, Leukas 2, Dyrrhachion 1, Korkyra 1, Anaktorion 2) from the Hoard n°1 – Risan-1927, in the National Museum in Belgrade. According to the entry no. 1117 of the Main Inventory Book of the Coin Cabinet, these coins were acquired in 1929 as a part of a larger lot, containing also 35 other coins of smaller module and later date of issuance. The whole lot was acquired as “a hoard from Risan”25. However, information by J. KLEMENC 1936, p. 127-128, n°15, on the discovery of the hoard of silver coins in 1927 at Carine, and the catalog with illustrations by J. M. F. MAY 1939, made it possible to segregate with certainty the large silver coins out of the mixed lot. J. KLEMENC 1936, p. 128, n° 16, provides another piece of information indicating that a different hoard had also been discovered in Risan in 1927 - see below, the Hoard n° 2. This hoard contained bronze coins of King Ballaios, but Klemenc reported that almost all of them went to a private collection in Zagreb. Hence the remaining coins inventoried under n° 1117 in the Belgrade Museum could hardly have come from this hoard. Besides the coins of King Ballaios, the lot in Belgrade contains nine bronzes of other issuers and two small silver coins, of either uncertain or widespanned chronology. The degree of wear of these coins varies considerably. Hence, instead of a hoard, this mixture of coins seems rather to be a cumulative site find, i.e. a collection of stray coins picked up on the surface of the rich site of Carine. That surface might have been relatively small, giving an impression that a hoard had been scattered over it. The coins might also have been discovered on the occasion of some small-surface shallow digging, because there were orchards on the northern side of For the circumstances of the discoveries of “hoard from Risan” with the entry no. 1117 and other lots from Risan in the National Museum in Belgrade see UJES 1993, p. 6, and UJES 2001, p. 341, note 1. 25 120 ANCIENT GREEK COIN FINDS FROM RISAN Carine, while the locals would dig out the ancient stone blocks from any part of the site. Thus gathered, a mixture of coins could then have been combined with the coins from the reported hoard of silver coins. The data could have been misrecorded and/or misinterpreted on the occasion of the transfer, probably multiple, of the whole lot from the collector(s) to the Museum in Belgrade. For all these reasons, the second part of the lot inventoried under no. 1117 has been treated as a cumulative site find and listed below as the Site Find n° 2. The other two lots of Greek coins from Risan in the National Museum in Belgrade were probably assembled in the same way, as well as the lot in a private collection in Zagreb and probably also the lot in the Ashmolean Museum. These lots are hence listed as cumulative site finds. Another lot in the National Museum in Belgrade might be added with due caution. It comes from an unknown spot in “Southern Dalmatia”, which usually refers to the Montenegrin coast. Since until now there is no other ascertained find spot for multiple finds of King Ballaios’ coins along the Montenegrin coast besides Risan, probably this lot also comes from this town. In the late 1870’s Arthur Evans personally discovered in his excavations and also collected from the surface many coins in Risan, and acquired even more from the local inhabitants, but made no mention of a hoard or other coherent lot. Hence the published coins from his collection in the Ashmolean Museum are listed below as single finds. Several lots of coins from Risan have been acquired by the Center for Archaeological Research of Montenegro in Podgorica26. A variety of bronze coins issued from the 3rd century B.C. to the 4th century after Christ is present in each of 26 these lots, indicating that they are accumulations of stray site finds of single coins, mixed together in a lot. These coins remain unpublished except for the autonomous coins of Rhizon, listed below in the section on single finds. I am aware of several collections made by the locals by simple surface collecting, including foraging over the soil discarded by the excavators in 1988. I could examine one such collection and make several phophotographs, but could not do more than that. Hoard n° 2, Risan 1927/A, IGCH 564. This hoard was discovered “on the occasion of the works on the left bank of the river Spila, opposite the field of Carine, at an elevated location, at the beginning of the wood”. This description corresponds to the slopes of the hill Gorica – see the site no. 2 in Fig. 2 for an approximate area within which this hoard could have been found. The coins were contained in a clay pot. Contents : over hundred bronze coins almost exclusively of King Ballaios. The burial date of this hoard depends upon the chronology of King Ballaios’ reign (see above for the three proposals, at footnotes 16-18). Disposition : J. Klemenc reported that immediately after its discovery almost the whole hoard went to the private collection of Arthur Gross in Zagreb. IGCH mentions 10 coins in a private collection in Zagreb. I could not trace any coin from this hoard. Literature: KLEMENC 1936, 128 n° 16, and 133. IGCH 564. MIRNIK 1981, n° 40. Hoard n° 3, Risan before 1888. This hoard was first identified by I. Mirnik, on the basis of data provided by K. Pink, who in 1940 published the preserved coins and provided details about their acquisition. It seems quite likely that such a large number of coins of the same unique I remain grateful to the late M. Pravilović, the archaeological curator in Podgorica, for having permitted me to examine the coins from Risan and publish them. 121 DUBRAVKA UJES MORGAN type, mostly in very good condition, come from a single hoard. Contents : in 1888, 437 small silver coins and 1 small bronze coin, all of a distinctive and until then unknown type, had been offered to the Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Only the selected 28 were purchased, and they are still in this museum, classified as “barbarian” because of their rough appearance. The rest had been returned to Joseph (Giuseppe) Gelcich, who offered the lot on behalf of its owners, who were from Risan. K. Pink (p. 532) mentioned that Gelcich was a professor in Ragusa (now Dubrovnik), but earlier, he had been a professor in Kotor (then Cattaro), and in 1880 he published his invaluable book Memorie storiche sulle Bocche di Cattaro (in Zara, now Zadar), in which he described the ruins and numerous archaeological finds from Risan. I am providing a brief description of their types because of the peculiarity of these coins. Their weight varies considerably, from 4,7g to less than 1g, but two denominations could be discerned, the larger with Pegasos on the obverse and a Macedonian shield on the reverse, and the smaller with a Macedonian shield on the obverse (except for one only specimen with an ox head) and the Macedonian star on the reverse (see fig. 6). This coinage remains extremely rare, with about 40 known specimens in total. Nothing is known about the destiny of over 400 returned coins. The three specimens in the Ashmolean Museum, also published by K. Pink in the same paper, come from the collection of Arthur Evans, and might have been discovered or acquired by him in Risan. Two specimens in the cumulative Site Find no. 2 have been discovered in Risan.27 No burial date could be proposed for this hoard, because the issuing authority and the 27 chronology of issuance remain undetermined. K. PINK 1940 p. 533-543 supposed that this coinage was issued by a league of towns around and near the Sinus Rhizonicus in the period between 186 and 168 B.C., so he named it “Lokale Prägungen aus dem Sinus Rhizonicus”. RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ 1976, p. 45-46, attributed this coinage to “an undefined mint in Southern Illyria”, accepting Pink’s chronology. Literature : PINK 1940, p. 527-535. Not in IGCH. RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ 1976, p. 43-46. MIRNIK 1981, n° 39. UJES 1993, p. 22. KOS 1998, p. 319-320. UJES 2004, p. 149. Fig. 6 : a specimen of the “Lokale Prägungen aus dem Sinus Rhizonicus” from the site find n°2. Cumulative site finds It is highly probable that these lots had been composed of single coins discovered on the surface of the field of Carine. The plausible period of circulation of all the coins in these lots are the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. A “burial date” is not applicable. See fig. 1 for the position of the cities whose coins were found in Risan and are listed below. Cumulative site find n°1, the lot Belgrade 1. According to the entry n° 881 of the Main Inventory Book of the Coin Cabinet in National Museum in Belgrade, this lot of 66 coins in total was acquired in 1961 as “a part of a hoard from Risan”. It is, however, not a hoard, because besides the Hellenistic coins it also contains seven Roman coins from the late 3rd and the 4th century after Christ (the 4th century coins are the second most frequently found in Risan after the The third specimen in Belgrade has no data on its origin; see UJES 1993, p. 7 and 22; Plate 4, n° 17. 122 ANCIENT GREEK COIN FINDS FROM RISAN coins of King Ballaios). Only the Hellenistic coins are listed here. Contents: 59 coins, 2 silver and 57 bronze: - Heraclea in Lucania, ca. 380-281 B.C, diobol, type Athena/Heracles with Nemean lion, BMC Italy, Lucania, Heraclea 42, SNG Cop. Italy II, 1121 ; since this coin is perforated and very worn, it was evidently in a secondary and hence prolonged use. - Dyrrhachion : ca. 250-229 (ca. 300-200) B.C., drachma, type Heracles/Pegasos BMC Corinth, Colonies of Corinth, Dyrrhachion 27-31, SNG Cop. Thessaly-Illyricum, 435. ca. 229-100 B.C., 3 bronze coins, type Zeus/ tripod, with magistrates’ names ΑΓΑΘ ΝΟΣ, ∆ΑΜΑΓΕΟΣ, ΦΙΛ ΤΑ ; BMC Thessaly-Aetolia 158-169, SNG Cop. Thessaly-Illyricum, 501-511. - King Ballaios, 36 (for the chronology of his reign see above, at the finds from the excavations): Rhizonian type, 33 in total: 1 coin of a bullion with a low silver content, and 32 bronze coins. Pharian type, 3 bronze coins. - Rhizon, 14 coins : post-Ballaios type, 6 bronze coins. Apollo/Artemis type, 8 bronze coins. - One unidentifiable (trident/bow?), and three illegible bronze coins, probably Ballaios’ or Rhizonian type Apollo/Artemis. Literature : UJES 1993, p. 6 and 26-29 (catalog), plates 1-2, and for the coins of Rhizon also UJES 2004, p. 164-165. The rare specimens of the Rhizonian autonomous coinages need explanation28. Until now, only 16 of the post-Ballaios type and 56 of the Apollo/Artemis type could be identified with certainty. They have been discovered only as stray finds in Risan, except for one specimen of the post-Ballaios type from an unknown find spot in Dalmatia29. The post-Ballaios type : beardless male head facing to the right on the obverse, and For more details on these coinages, see UJES 2004, passim. 29 The coin in the Archaeological Museum in Split : MAROVIĆ 1988, 96-97, Pl. 22/1a-b. 28 on the reverse the inscription RIZO-NITAN on both sides of the figure of Artemis advancing to the left and holding vertically a torch in her right hand (fig. 7). This iconography practically repeats that of the Rhizonian type of King Ballaios’ coins, with simplified features, poorer style and the reduction of weight and size of the flans. Hence it is likely that this type of autonomous coinage was issued after the royal coinage of King Ballaios, some time near the end of the 3rd century B.C.30. Arthur Evans, who discovered this type, dated it to the time of the successors of King Ballaios, after ca. 135 B.C.31. In his manuscript, J. M. F. May, followed by G. Gorini, dated this type ca. 175-170 B.C., placing it at the same time or shortly after King Ballaios’ coinage32. Fig. 7 : a specimen of the post-Ballaios type of the Rhizonian mint from Podgorica. The Apollo/Artemis type: head of Apollo to the right on the obverse, and on the reverse inscription PIZO-NITAN on both sides of Artemis advancing to the right and holding horizontally a torch in both hands (fig. 8)33. This type is later than the previous type and could have been issued some time between the last decade of the 3rd and the third decade of the 2nd century B.C. G. 30 31 UJES 2004, p. 155-156, 163. EVANS 1880, p. 292, 295, Pl. 13/10. 32 GORINI 1991, p. 28. 33 For this coinage see UJES 2004, p. 156-160, 163165, and 160 and 163 for its chronology. Evans attributed several poorly preserved specimens of this coinage to a successor of King Ballaios; see below, at single coin finds. 123 DUBRAVKA UJES MORGAN Gorini, referring to May’s manuscript, dated this type to ca. 170-168 B.C.34. The figure of Artemis holding a torch (Phosphoros) is specific for the coinages of King Ballaios and the autonomous coinages of the Rhizonian mint, and does not appear on any other coinage in the Illyrian regions, either of the indigenous Illyrian tribes or of the Greek cities along the eastern Adriatic coast35. Cumulative site find n° 2, the lot Belgrade 2. According to the entry n° 1117 of the main Inventory Book of the National Museum in Belgrade, the coins of this lot, and the coins from the Hoard n° 1, Risan 1927, were acquired in 1929 as “a part of a hoard from Risan”. See above for more details. - Dyrrhachion, ca. 229-100 B.C., 3 bronze coins, type Zeus/tripod, with magistrates’ names ΠΑΡΜΕΝΙΣΚΟΥ, [..]ΝΙΣΚΟΥ, [..]ΝΑΣ; type BMC Thessaly-Aetolia, 158169; SNG Cop. Thessaly-Illyricum, 501511). - King Ballaios, 24 bronze coins: Rhizonian type, 22 ; Pharian type, 2. - Rhizon, type Apollo/Artemis, 5. Literature: UJES 1993, p. 6-7 and 29-31 (catalog), plate 3. For the coins of Rhizon see UJES 2004, p. 164-165. The lot was mentioned in GAJ-POPOVIĆ 1964, p. 75, 7778. Cumulative site find n° 3, the lot Belgrade 3. According to the entry n° 553 of of the main Inventory Book of the National Museum in Belgrade, this lot was acquired in 1960 as “Greek coins from Risan”. The coins are much better preserved than in the two previous lots, which indicates that they are a selection from a much larger lot. For this reason and all the others mentioned earlier, the probability that they were a hoard is very low. Contents : 12 small bronze coins. - King Ballaios, 10: Rhizonian type, 9 ; Pharian type, 1. - Rhizon, Apollo/Artemis type, 2. Literature : UJES 1993, p. 7 and 32 (catalog), plate 4. For the coins of Rhizon see UJES 2004, . 164-165. Cumulative site find n° 4, the Zagreb lot. These coins were acquired before World War II in Risan, probably in a larger lot. When published in 1987, they were in the private collection of Gjuro Krasnov in Zagreb. Contents: 5 small bronze coins, all very corroded. - King Ballaios, Rhizonian type, 3. Fig. 8 : a specimen of the Apollo/Artemis type of the Rhizonian mint from the Site Find n° 3. Contents : 35 coins, 2 silver and 33 bronze. - “Lokale Prägungen aus dem Sinus Rhizonicus” (for this coinage see above, Hoard n° 3), 2 small silver coins, one of which had been cut in half. - Petelia in Bruttium, ca. 216-89 B.C., quadrans, type Zeus/Zeus throwing a lightning bolt, BMC Italy, Bruttii, Petelia 1, SNG Cop. Italy III, 1916. 34 GORINI 1991, p. 28. For J. M. F. May’s contribution to the study of the Rhizonian mint see VISONÀ 2000, p. 60, 62-63. 35 An extensive analysis of the representations of Artemis and Apollo in coinages on the Illyrian coast is provided by UJES 2004, p. 157-160. 124 ANCIENT GREEK COIN FINDS FROM RISAN - Amphipolis, after 168/167 B.C. - end of the 1st century B.C., Artemis/bull, 136. - Sikyon, ca. 330-200 BC, dove/wreath, 137. Literature : RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ 1987, p. 5-14, who, in p. 6, had expressed the opinion that this lot was a mixture of site finds rather than a hoard. Reattributions of two non-Ballaios coins by GORINI 1990, p. 322. Mentioned in UJES-KOVAčEVIć 1992, p. 9, and UJES 1993, p. 23. The lot in the Ashmolean Museum. A manuscript by J. M. F. May in the Ashmolean Museum indicates that he acquired this lot before World War II. It has been conjectured that the acquisition probably happened on the occasion of his visit to Yugoslavia in the early 1930’s, but it remains unclear whether he visited Risan or not. P. VISONÀ 2000, p. 60, provides important details from May’s manuscript and his own remarks about this lot. This lot most probably originates from Risan, because until now no specimen of the autonomous Rhizonian type Apollo/Artemis has been discovered anywhere else. Contents : 52 (or 53) small bronze coins. - King Ballaios, 42 : Rhizonian type, 36 ; Pharian type, 6. - Rhizon, Apollo/Artemis type, 10. Literature : a manuscript by J. M. F. May in the Ashmolean Museum. GORINI 1991, p. 25-30. CH I, n° 88, as “Yugoslavia, many years ago”. MIRNIK 1981, n° 28a. CH IX, n° 36 245. UJES 1993, p. 21, 23. UJES 2004, p. 164-165. Possibly from Risan : the lot from “Southern Dalmatia”. This lot was acquired by the National Museum in Belgrade in 1958 together with Hellenistic gold jewelry, but their connection is quite doubtful. This jewelry has been published in D. GARAŠANIN 1964, p. 65-73; it is similar to jewelry discovered in the necropolis of ancient Bouthoe, now Budva on the Montenegrin coast (for its position see fig.1). Contents: King Ballaios, Rhizonian type, 7 bronze coins. Literature : GAJ-POPOVIĆ 1964, p. 75-78. IGCH 565. MIRNIK 1981, n° 21. Mentioned in UJES-KOVAČEVIĆ 1992, p. 9, and UJES 1993, p. 23. Single coin finds38. In his excavations and researches Arthur Evans collected at Carine a large number of single coins, including the bronzes of King Ballaios and the previously unknown local mint of Rhizon. Based on these finds, Evans outlined in brief his view of a history of the Rhizonian mint and proposed four classes of Rhizonian coinages : 1. The autonomous coinage of Rhizon, 2. Coinage of Ballaios, 3. Barbarous degeneration of Ballaios’ coinage, and 4. Coins of one or more successors of Ballaios39. Two types were assigned to the class of autonomous coinages, one presumebly issued before and the other after the reign of King Ballaios. The coin of the type supposed to precede the coinage of King Ballaios remains a Besides the published single coins which are listed here, there are unpublished coins from Risan in several collections, such as the Center for Archaeological Research of Montenegro in Podgorica, the Ashmolean Museum, the Museum in Herceg Novi, and certainly elsewhere, especially the coins of King Ballaios, but without any data on their provenience. 39 EVANS 1880, p. 292, and also in 1885, p. 42, with a slight modification i.e. without the third group. 38 GORINI 1990, 322, reattributed this coin to the type n° 53 on p. 37 (Pl.9/27) in GAEBLER, Antiken Münzen Nord-Griechenlands III, 2 (1935). It might rather be n° 43 (Pl.9/17) in the same book. It was attributed to the mercenary issues of Morgantina in RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ 1987, p. 9. 37 GORINI 1990, 322, reattributed this coin quoting J. WARREN, The autonomous bronze coinage of Sicyon I, NC 143, 1983, p. 37, Pl. 6. It was attributed to an earlier issue of Sicyon in RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ 1987, p. 7-8. 125 DUBRAVKA UJES MORGAN unique specimen; it bears a bearded male head (Zeus) to the right on the obverse, and on the reverse PI – ZO in a wreath (fig. 9)40. The second type, dated after the reign of King Ballaios, is the Post-Ballaios type, specimens of which are very rare41. The second and third classes are in fact one large class, because the apparently barbarized issues still belong to the coinage of King Ballaios. Evans also discovered the Apollo/Artemis type of the Rhizonian mint, but did not recognize it. Instead, he included it in his 4th class of coinages of supposed successor(s) of King Ballaios, probably because in poorly preserved heads of Apollo on the obverses he saw some features of the heads of Pallas, Libertas or Virtus on the Roman republican denarii, and poorly preserved inscriptions misled him to read an inexistent name42. Evans’ discoveries in Risan still retain their value today, and so does his remark, based on his discovery of the Rhizonian mint, that “already in Illyrian days Rhizon was beginning to present many of the external features of a civilized city”43. Lykkeios”44. The coin of King Lykkeios, who reigned from ca. 356 to ca. 335 B.C., is a drachma with a female head on the obverse and a running lion on the reverse, and was published in SNG Ashmolean, n° 3350. There is also a note that Evans acquired more than 200 coins from someone from Risan45. About the end of the 19th century, with over three hundred coins from Carine, H. Richlý observed that there were three groups of coins frequently found in Carine : Syrian, Illyrian, and Roman46. He started with the Syrian coins, describing a bronze coin of Antiochos II Theos, who reigned from 261 to 246 B.C. In the group of Illyrian coins he described a silver coin of Dyrrhachion with a cow and calf on the obverse and “the garden of Alkinoos” on the reverse, probably a wide-spread type of drachma datable from the 3rd to the 1st century B.C. (no weight or other detail was mentioned by him). He continued with a couple of bronze coins of King Ballaios, indicating that there were many more of this kind. In the group of Roman coins he described eleven specimens from the 1st to the 4th century after Christ, mentioning that the coins of Constantine the Great were frequent. His remarks on the frequency of Ballaios’ and Constantine the Great’s coins remain valid until today, but his remark on the Seleucid coins is quite puzzling, because no such coin has ever since been reported from Risan, nor I could identify any among the materials I examined. A silver coin of King Ballaios was discovered in 1958 at Carine47. This and all EVANS 1885, p. 43. URLIĆ-IVANOVIĆ 1879, p. 126; this author provided some details about Evans’ excavations and acquisitions in Risan. 46 RICHLÝ 1898, p. 150-151; Richlý did not specify how many Syrian coins he had found, but he clearly distinguished these coins from the coins of King Ballaios, which have certain features of the 3rd- and 2nd-century B.C. coinage of the Seleucids, as remarked already by A. J. EVANS 1880, p. 297-298. Unfortunately, Richlý did not specify numbers of any kind of his 300 coins. 47 RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ 1967, p. 3-4. 45 44 Fig. 9 : the unique Rhizonian coin discovered by Sir A. J. Evans (1880, Pl. 13/9). Arthur Evans also provided the first specific mention of single coin finds of other issuing authorities in Risan, stating: “Among the coins of pre-Roman date found in Risan, silver pieces of Corinth, Dyrrhachium and Apollonia are of comparatively frequent occurrence, and I have obtained one of the Paeonian King EVANS 1880, p. 292 n° 1, p. 295, Pl. 13/9. EVANS 1880, p. 292 n° 2, p. 295-296, Pl. 13/10. For more details on this type see the above Cumulative Site Find 1 and the footnotes n° 28-32. 42 EVANS 1880, p. 294, 299, Pl.14/11-15, and also 1885, p. 42. About this type see above, footnotes n° 33-34. For Evans’ misreading of the legend PIZONITAN see UJES 2004, p. 163. 43 EVANS 1885, p. 43. 41 40 126 ANCIENT GREEK COIN FINDS FROM RISAN the other silver coins of King Ballaios are of the Rhizonian type, and they are executed with much more care than the specimens in bronze. This silver specimen was in the possession of a numismatist and coin collector, Dr. Sergije Dimitrijević, who acquired it in Risan from a local inhabitant. This same collector sold to the National Museum in Belgrade two coins of the Rhizonian type of King Ballaios, recorded at no. 775 in the Main Inventory Book48. There is no record of their place of discovery, but it might well be Risan. There are 67 specimens of the autonomous coins of Rhizon in the collection of the Center for Archaeological Research in Podgorica, 6 of the postBallaios type, 26 of the Apollo/Artemis type, and 35 obliterated specimens that most probably belong to the autonomous types49. The best preserved among these coins significantly helped the clarification of the representations on the autonomous types. A unique specimen of a coin of the Paeonian King Patraos, who reigned from ca. 335 to ca. 315 B.C., was discovered in 1977 in the coastal zone of Carine, within the Rhizonian town walls50. This coin bears the distinctive types of King Patraos’ silver tetradrachmas : head of Apollo on the obverse, and on the reverse a representation of an armed horseman advancing to the right, spearing his falling foe (fig. 10). However, the coin from Risan has a core of bronze plated with silver sheet that broke open at several places. Its weight is reduced (7.10g instead over 12g for a tetradrachma of the Paeonian-Damastian weight standard) and its style schematic and barbarized. This unusual coin might be an ancient counterfeit or an emergency royal issue. With this and the coin of Lykkeios discovered by Evans, Risan is the westernmost find spot for the Paeonian coins. Fig. 10 : a silver-plated coin of the Paeonian King Patraos from Carine. Concluding remarks In the scholarly literature there has been reported a remarkably large number of more than 1500 specimens of Greek coins found in Risan: over 130 from the excavations in 1988, over 240 in museum and other collections, over 840 in three hoards and at least ca. 300 discovered or acquired by Sir Arthur Evans and Heinrich Richlý. Although only relatively few of these coins have been published in detail, they all contribute to our understanding of the variety of coinages that once circulated in Rhizon, and could provide us hints about the history of this ancient town and the life in it. UJES 1993, p. 7 (group 4), 33, Plate 4, no. 7 and 10. 49 UJES 2004, p. 165-166. These coins were acquired in larger mixed lots; see the chapter on the types of coin finds from the site Carine and the footnote n° 26. 50 UJES 1996, p. 23-31. 48 127 DUBRAVKA UJES MORGAN The chronology of issuing of the Greek coins discovered in Risan ranges from the 4th to the 2nd century B.C. The only earlier coins are two Corinthian staters in the Hoard no. 1 datable to the late 5th century B.C., but certainly still utilizable at the time of the deposition of this hoard. The quadrans of Petelia from the Site Find no. 2 datable from ca. 216 to as late as ca. 89 B.C. potentially has the lowest chronology of the coins I could examine. A variety of issuing authorities is represented, ranging from Heraclea in Lucania and Petelia in Bruttium in the West to an undetermined Seleucid mint in the East. Each of these distant mints is represented by a single coin of a smaller denomination. The majority of the foreign mints were located in the western Balkans and almost all of their coins found in Risan are datable to the 4th century. The mints of Corinth and her colonies situated along the eastern Adriatic and Ionian coasts, such as Corcyra, Dyrrhachion, Apollonia, Leukas, Anaktorion and perhaps Ambrakia, and also the inland colony of Damastion founded by the Aeginetans and Mendaeans, are represented mostly or exclusively by large silver coins from the Hoard no. 1. The same hoard contained several rare coins made in imitation of the Damastian tetradrachmas, but issued by poorly understood “IllyroPaeonian” authorities in the remote hinterland, such as Daparria, Pelagia, the Tenestini, etc. Even further inland originate the coins of the Paeonian kings Lykkeios and Patraos, found as single coins. The restructuring of powers in the Balkans because of the expansion of the Macedonian Kingdom brought most of these mints to a close, one way or another, during the second half of the 4th century B.C. The coin finds seem to indicate that these events and their consequences also closed a noteworthy phase in the history of Rhizon. An exception to this apparent breakdown in contacts seems to be provided by the mints of Dyrrhachion and, possibly, Apollonia, whose 3rd- and 2nd-century small silver and bronze coins continue to occasionnally appear as single finds, indicating Rhizon’s intermittent connections with these powerful Greek cities in its neighborhood. Single bronze coins of Amphipolis, Sikyon, Petelia and Antiochos II Theos issued during the same time-span vaguely suggest that Rhizon continued to be involved in the movements of coinages across the Adriatic Sea and Balkans, and farther throughout the Mediterranean51. The expansion of the Macedonian kingdom and spread of its influence as far as Rhizon might be detected in other coins from Risan. Although the geographical location of the mint of rare “Lokale Prägungen” remains undetermined, as well as the authority which issued them, nonetheless the distinctive symbol of the Macedonian shield on these coins provides a clear mark of the supreme power behind their issuing. Their mint might have been Rhizon, at least for some of them, especially because all such coins with a known provenience come from Risan: the only known hoard with almost 440 specimens, and a couple as stray finds (Hoard no. 3; Site Find no. 2). The fact that they have been found only in Risan seems to indicate that Rhizon must have played a very special role for the issuing of these coins and, even more so, for their use. The local mint of Rhizon appears by far predominant with ca. 530 coins of which 108 are specimens of the three autonomous types and over 420 of King Ballaios, including one specimen in silver. The published sample from the excavations contains only the coins of King Ballaios, in an unusually large number for the size of the excavated surface. The context suggests that the structures suffered destruction, so the small bronze coins seem to have been abandoned, apparently as less valuable ones. For the moment there is no clue to what could have been a more valuable 51 See CRAWFORD 1978, p. 1-11, and 1985, p. 223224 with Appendix 50 for the finds of bronze and small silver coins attesting the movements of various individuals, such as traders, soldiers and other, across the Adriatic Sea. 128 ANCIENT GREEK COIN FINDS FROM RISAN currency in Rhizon at that time. However, the coins of King Ballaios were also discovered in a hoard, which, according to Gresham’s law, would indicate they too were “good money” worth saving or, rather, hiding in the presence of a danger. Ballaios’ coins, moreover, occur in large numbers as stray surface finds, alone or together with other types of coinages in “site finds”. From the information by Polybius (2. 11, 16) that in 229 B.C. the Illyrian queen Teuta withdrew to Rhizon, it has been conjectured that this town became her royal seat. As follows from the coin finds, Rhizon definitely was the seat and the mint of King Ballaios, who was powerful enough to issue even silver coins besides the massive output of his bronze coins. These bronze coins spread to many ports and other sites along both the east and west coasts of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, and also in central Italy52, indicating that during King Ballaios’ reign Rhizon acquired an important position. In return, many foreign coins could have reached Rhizon at the same time. This period was probably only very brief, since during it the iconography of the Rhizonian type of King Ballaios’ coinage remained unchanged, while its style and fabrication considerably deteriorated, which seem to indicate a hasty production during an enormous mint output, due in turn to an enormous need for bronze coins, such as could occur during a time of intense military activities. Very differently from the coins of King Ballaios, the three types of autonomous coins of Rhizon are known only as rare stray surface finds. Their small overall number, restriction to their town of minting, and the very poor quality of their production For the finds of Ballaios’ coins in Italy see VISONÀ 1985 passim, GORINI 1989 passim and also 1990 passim, and STANNARD 2005, p. 140-141. For the finds from sites in Dalmatia (modern Croatia, Herzegovina, Montenegro and northernmost Albania) that were quoted in earlier literature see UJES 1994, p. 143-145, and also 1999/2, p; 213, and 2001, n° 47-48. For the finds from Epirus see OECONOMIDOU 1986, p. 134-136 for Kassope, and PREKA-ALEXANDRI 2010 for Gitana in Thesprotia. 52 seem to indicate that the coins of the postBallaios type were issued during a period in which Rhizon was struggling to maintain its position after a phase of prominence during King Ballaios’ reign. The type Apollo/Artemis could be a reflection of a brief period of recovery before the definitive changes that happened after the Roman conquest and the subsequent administrative reorganization of the Illyrian coast in 167 B.C. A large overall number of coins from a variety of mints and the distinctive issues of the local Rhizonian mint are the most prominent features of the pool of Greek coinage discovered in Risan. In the absence of explicit information from the literary sources and with scanty published archaeological evidence it remains challenging to put forward a more specific historical explanation of the picture given by the coin finds. Nonetheless these finds indicate a number of regional and farther contacts via land- and sea-routes from the 4th to the 2nd century B.C. and a dynamic life in Rhizon during this period. D. UJES-MORGAN Independent Scholar Bibliography ALFÖLDY 1968 : ALFÖLDY G., s.v. ‘Ρίζων, RE Suppl. 11 (1968), col. 1214-1217. BALADIE 1989 : BALADIE R. ed. Strabon, Géographie, Livre VII (Paris 1989). BEAUMONT 1952 : R. L. BEAUMONT, Corinth, Ambracia, Apollonia, JHS 72 (1952), p. 62-73. BRUNŠMID 1898 : BRUNŠMID J., Die Inschriften und Münzen der griechische Städte Dalmatiens. Abhandlungen des Archaeologisch-Epigraphisches Seminares der Universität Wien, Heft 13 (1898). [Ristampa anastatica ed. G. Gorini (Padova 1979).] CABANES 2001 : CABANES P., s.v. Risinium (Rhizon), Der Neue Pauly 10 (2001), col. 1023-1024. 129 DUBRAVKA UJES MORGAN CAVEDONI 1842 : CAVEDONI C. [a comment without title after the article by P. Nisiteo, ‘Medaglie del re Ballaeus’, p. 122-128 in the same volume], Annali dell’Istituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica 14, Roma 1842, p. 128. CH I : Coin Hoards I, London 1975. CH IX : Coin Hoards IX, Greek coins, London 2002. CONS 1882 = Cons H., La province romaine de Dalmatie, Paris 1882. CRAWFORD 1978 : CRAWFORD M., Trade and movement of coinage across the Adriatic in the Hellenistic period, in Scripta Nummaria Romana, Essays Presented to H. Sutherland, London 1978, p. 1-11. CRAWFORD 1985 : CRAWFORD M., Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic, Italy and the Mediterranean Economy, London 1985. DYCZEK et alii 2004 : P. DYCZEK, in collaboration with V. KOVAČEVIĆ, P. LUTOVAC, J. MARTINOVIĆ, J. RECLAW, A. STANKOVIĆ, Rhizon 2001-2003, Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Center for Archaeological Research – Novae, Warsaw University, Archeologia 55, Warsaw 2004, p. 111-118. EVANS 1880 : EVANS A. J., On some recent discoveries of Illyrian coins, NC2 20, 1880, p. 269-302. EVANS 1885 : EVANS A. J., Antiquarian Researches in Illyricum I-II. [Reprint from Archaeologia 48 and 49, Westminster 1883 and 1885], London 1885. GAJ-POPOVIĆ 1964 : GAJ-POPOVIĆ D., Ilirski novac – novac Balajosa risanskog tipa, Zbornik Narodnog Muzeja 4, Belgrade 1964, p. 75-78. GARAŠANIN 1964 : GARAŠANIN D., Ein Süddalmatinischer Fund mit Münzen des Königs Ballaios, Zbornik Narodnog Muzeja 4, Belgrade 1964, p. 65-73. GARAŠANIN 1966 = GARAŠANIN M., Moenia Aeacia, Starinar 17, Belgrade 1966, p. 27-36. GELCICH 1868 : GELCICH G., Lapide di Risano, Bulletino dell’Istituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica 8-9, Roma 1868, p. 191-192. GORINI 1984 : GORINI G., Re Ballaios: una proposta cronologica, in Il crinale dell’ Europa, l‘area illirico-danubiana nei suoi rapporti con il mondo classico, Roma 1984, p. 43-49. GORINI 1989 : GORINI G., Una moneta di Ballaios da San Domino (Isole Tremiti), RIN 91 1989, p. 27-32. GORINI 1990 : GORINI G., Ancora monete di Ballaios dalla Puglia, RIN 92, 1990, p. 319323. GORINI 1991 : GORINI G., The Ballaeus hoard from Rizan in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Schweizer Münzblatter 162, Jg. 41, Basel 1991, p. 25-30. B. HORVAT 1936 : HORVAT B., Die Tetradrachmen von Damastion aus dem Funde von Risan (Rhizon) in SudDalmatien, Numizmatika 2-4, 1934-1936, Zagreb 1936, p. 26-64. IGCH : THOMPSON M., M. KRAAY C., MØRKHOLM O., An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards, New York 1973. KLEMENC 1936 : KLEMENC J., Die Münzfunde in Jugoslavien 1910-1936, Numismtika 2-4, 1934-1936, Zagreb 1936, p. 124133. KOS 1998 : KOS P., Leksikon antičke numizmatike, Zagreb 1998. KOVAČEVIĆ 1998 : KOVAČEVIĆ V., Archaeological excavations in locality “Carine“ in Risan, Glasnik Srpskog Arheološkog Društva 14, Belgrade 1998, p. 103-118. MARIĆ 1973 : MARIĆ Z., The coins of 3rd and 2nd century B.C. from Gradina in Ošanići near Stolac, Glasnik Zemaljskog 130 ANCIENT GREEK COIN FINDS FROM RISAN Muzeja 27-28, Sarajevo 1972-1973 [1973], p. 237-255. MAROVIĆ 1988 : MAROVIĆ I., The coinage of Ballaios (BAΛΛAIOΣ) in the Archaeological Museum in Split, Bulletin d’archéologie et d’histoire dalmates 81, Split 1988, p. 81-145. MAY 1939 : MAY J. M. F., The Coinage of Damastion and the Lesser Coinages of the Illyro-Paeonian Region, London, 1939. MIRNIK 1981 : MIRNIK I., Coin Hoards in Yugoslavia, BAR International Series 95 1981. OBERHUMMER 1914 : OBERHUMMER E., s.v. ‛Ρίζων, RE 1/A.1, 1914, col. 937-939. OECONOMIDOU 1986 : OECONOMIDOU M., Die Munzen der Ausgrabung von Kassope, in Haus und Stadt im klassischen Griecheland. Eds. W. HOEPFNER, E. L. SCHWANDNER München 1986, p. 134-136. PINK 1940 : PINK K., Lokale Prägungen aus dem Sinus Rhizonicus, Serta Hoffilleriana, Vjesnik Hrvatskog Arheološkog Društva 1820, Zagreb 1937-1940 [1940]), p. 527-535. PREKA-ALEXANDRI : K. PREKA-ALEXANDRI, Y. STOYAS, Aspects of the economy of Gitana in Thesprotia: the testimony of coins, clay sealings and stamped amphora handles, in L'Illyrie Méridionale et l'Épire dans l'Antiquité V, Actes du Colloque International de Grenoble (8-11 octobre 2008), ed. J.-L. LAMBOLEY et M.-P. CASTIGLIONI, De Boccard, Paris 2010, p. 671 sq. . RAVEL 1936, 1948 : RAVEL O. E., Les “Poulains” de Corinthe, monographie des statères corinthiennes, I : de 650 à 415 av. J.-C., Basel 1936, II : de 414 à 300 av. J.-C., London 1948. RENDIC-MIOCEVIC 1967 : RENDICMIOCEVIC D., Contributions aux émissions du roi Ballaios - deux exemplaires inédits, Numizmatičke vijesti n.s.14 (25), Zagreb 1967, p. 1-7. 1976 : RENDICRENDIC-MIOCEVIC MIOCEVIC D., L’atelier monétaire de Rhizon et ses émissions, in Frappes et ateliers monétaires dans l’Antiquité et le Moyen Âge, Belgrade 1976, p. 35-46. RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ 1987 : RENDIĆMIOČEVIĆ D., An unknown find of Illyrian and Greek coins from Risan/Rhizon, Numizmatičke vijesti n.s. 30 (41), Zagreb 1987, p. 5-14. RICHLÝ 1898 : RICHLÝ H., Archäologische Funde aus den Bocche di Cattaro, in Mittheilungen Der K. K. CentralCommission zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der Kunst- und historischen Denkmäle, N.F. 24, Wien 1898, p. 143-152. ŠAŠEL-KOS 2007 : ŠAŠEL-KOS M., The Illyrian King Ballaeus – some historical aspects, in Epire, Illyrie, Macédoine, Mélanges offerts au Prof. Pierre Cabanes. Ed. D. Berranger-Auserve. Collection ERGA 10, Clermont-Ferrand 2007, p. 125138. SNG Asmolean : C. M. KRAAY, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, British Series vol. V, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Part IV: Paeonia – Thessaly, London 1981. STANNARD 2005 : STANNARD C., The Monetary Stock at Pompeii at the Turn of the Second and First Centuries BC: PseudoEbusus and Pseudo-Massalia, in Nuove ricerche archeologiche a Pompei ed Ercolano, Atti del convegno internazionale, Roma 28-30 Nov. 2005, ed. P. G. GUZZO, M. P. GIUDOBALDI, Napoli 2005, p. 120143. STAZIO 1985 : STAZIO A., Considerazioni sulle prime forme di tesaurizzazione monetaria nell’Italia meridionale, in Actes du 9ème CIN, Berne 1979, vol. I, Louvain-laNeuve – Luxembourg 1982, p. 53-69. UJES 1993 : UJES D. Le monete del Re Ballaios e della zecca Rizonia al Museo Nazionale di Belgrado, Numizmatičar 16, Belgrade 1993, p. 5-34. UJES 1994 : UJES D., Nuovi ritrovamenti numismatici di Risan, Bocche di Cattaro, Montenegro, Jugoslavia, Actes du 11e CIN, Vol. 1, Bruxelles 1994, p. 139-145. 131 DUBRAVKA UJES MORGAN UJES 1995 : UJES D., A. numismatic contribution to the study of activities in the “Corinthian commercial zone” in the Eastern Adriatic, in Silver Workshops and Mints, National Museum in Belgrade 1994, Belgrade 1995, p. 45-52. UJES 1996 : UJES D., A Tetradrachmsubaeratus of the Paeonian King Patraos, found at Risan, Macedonian Numismatic Journal 2, Skopje 1996, p. 23-31. UJES 1997 : UJES D., Tétradrachmes de Damastion et de Daparria et statères du type corinthien du trésor monétaire de Risan (IGCH 391), conservés au Musée National de Belgrade, Numizmatičar 20, Belgrade 1997, p. 7-18. UJES 1999/1 : UJES D., Le trésor monétaire de Risan (IGCH 391) - une contribution à l'étude de l'histoire économique de l'Illyrie du Sud, dans L'Illyrie Méridionale et l'Épire dans l'Antiquité, III, Actes du Colloque international de Chantilly, Octobre 1996, ed. Pierre Cabanes, Paris 1999, p. 107-114. UJES 1999/2 : UJES D., Rhizon (Montenegrin coast), a trading and staple town on the crossroads of Mediterranean and inland Balkan routes - Late Classical and Hellenistic pottery evidence, QT-NAC 28, Lugano 1999, p. 203-220. UJES 2001 : UJES D., Greek hoards from the Western Balkans, NC7 51, 2001, p. 341347. UJES 2002 : UJES D., Recherche sur la position de la ville de Damastion et ses mines, RN 158, 2002, p. 103-129. UJES 2004 : UJES D., Autonomous coinages of Rhizon in Illyria, dans L'Illyrie méridionale et l’Épire dans l’antiquité IV, Actes du 4ème Colloque international de Grenoble (10-12 octobre 2002), ed. P. CABANES et J.-L. LAMBOLEY, De Bocard, Paris 2004, p. 149-168. UJES - KOVAčEVIć 1992 : UJES D., KOVAčEVIć V., Coins of “King” Ballaios found in Risan, excavations 1988, Numizmatičar 15, Belgrade 1992, p. 9-24. UJES - ROMIć 1996 : UJES D., ROMIć K., La position de la ville de Damastion, Glasnik Srpskog arheološkog društva 11, Belgrade 1996, p. 77-98. URLIĆ-IVANOVIĆ 1879 : URLIĆ-IVANOVIĆ G., Aus einer Zuschrift Herren G. UrlićIvanović aus Risan, in Viestnik Hrvatskog arheološkog društva [Mitteilungsblatt der Kroatischen archäologischen Gesellschaft] 1 Zagreb 1879, p. 126-127. VIALLA DE SOMMIERES 1820 : Colonel L.C. VIALLA DE SOMMIERES, Commandant de Castel-Nuovo, Gouverneur de la province de Cattaro, chef de l’Etat-Major de la deuxième division de l’armée d’Illyrie à Raguse, depuis l’année 1807 jusqu’en 1813, Voyage historique et politique au Monténégro, Paris 1820. VISONÀ 1985 : VISONÀ P., Coins of Ballaios found in Italy, Bulletin d’archéologie et d’histoire dalmates 78, Split 1985, p. 117-122. VISONÀ 2000 : VISONÀ P., J. M. F. May’s contribution to the study of Greek-Illyrian coinage, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Numismatic Congress in Croatia 19980, Opatija 2000, p. 60-63. VRČEVIĆ 1843 : VRČEVIĆ V., Risan, Srpsko-Dalmatinski Magazin 8, Dubrovnik 1843, p. 29-36. 132