The Ismailiya Hoard 1983 more

Israel Numismatic Research 5 | 2010 cover Published by The Israel Numismatic Society Israel Numismatic Research Published by the Israel Numismatic Society Editorial Board: Donald T. Ariel (Editor), Alla Kushnir-Stein, David Wasserstein, Danny Syon, Ilan Shachar Text editor: Miriam Feinberg Vamosh Typesetting: Michal Semo-Kovetz and Yael Bieber, Tel Aviv University Graphic Design Studio Printed at Elinir, Tel Aviv ISSN 1565-8449 Correspondence, manuscripts for publication and books for review should be addressed to: Israel Numismatic Research, c/o Haim Gitler, The Israel Museum, P.O. Box 71117, Jerusalem 91710 ISRAEL, or to dtariel@ins.org.il Website: www.ins.org.il For inquiries regarding subscription to the journal, please e-mail to info@ins.org.il The editors are not responsible for opinions expressed by the contributors. © The Israel Numismatic Society, Jerusalem 2010 Israel Numismatic Research Published by the Israel Numismatic Society Volume 5 Contents 2010 3 Wolfgang fischer-Bossert and haim gitler: The Ismailiya Hoard 1983 13 novella vismara: Kuprlli or Kherẽi: a Problem of Attribution or a Problem of Method? 21 Yoav farhi: A Silver-Plated Samarian Coin from Tel Dor 31 Yehoshua Zlotnik: A Hoard of Alexander the Great from the Region of Syria 41 Catharine c. lorBer: A Gold Mnaieion of Ptolemaic Cyprus at Tell Kedesh: Background and Context 59 Walter c. holt and nicholas l. Wright: A New Seleucid Bronze Coin and Dura Hoard 13 Revisited 67 haim gitler and Daniel m. master: Cleopatra at Ascalon: Recent Finds from the Leon Levy Expedition 99 Yaniv schauer: Mint Remains from Excavations in the Citadel of Jerusalem 109 Jean-PhiliPPe fontanille: The Barbarous Coins of Judea 123 fernanDo lóPeZ sáncheZ: Military Units of Mark Antony and Lucius Verus: Numismatic Recognition of Distinction 139 Yigal ronen: Coins as Scale Weights 143 cecilia meir: Tyrian Sheqels from the ‘Isfiya Hoard, Part Two 151 Julian Baker: The Tel ‘Akko hoard of Venetian Torneselli 161 ruth JacoBY: Tokens for Sheḥita and Miqve from Samarkand 167 REVIEW: Nikolaus Schindel, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Israel. Vienna, 2009 (Stuart D. Sears) 175 Abbreviations ABBREVIATIONS AJC AJN BMC BMCO CH CIL CNP CRE DOC IEJ IG IGCH INJ INR LA LRBC MIB MIBE MN NC NCirc. NNM NZ RRC RIC RN RPC SC SICA SNAT SNG SNR TINC TJC ZfN Y. Meshorer Ancient Jewish Coinage. Dix Hills, NY 1982 American Journal of Numismatics e.g., BMC Arab.: G.F. Hill. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Arabia, Mesopotamia, and Persia. London 1922 e.g., BMCO 1: S. Lane-Poole. The Coins of the Eastern Khaleefehs in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Oriental Coins in the British Museum 1. London 1875 Coin Hoards Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum e.g., L. Kadman. The Coins of Akko Ptolemais (Corpus Nummorum Palestinensium IV). Jerusalem 1961 e.g., H. Mattingly. The Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum I. Augustus to Vitellius. London 1923 e.g., P. Grierson. Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection 3. Leo III to Nicephorus III 717–1081. Washington, D.C. 1973 Israel Exploration Journal Inscriptiones Graecae M. Thompson, O. Mørkholm and C.M. Kraay. An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards. New York 1973 Israel Numismatic Journal Israel Numismatic Research Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Liber Annuus e.g., P.V. Hill and J.P.C. Kent. Part 1: The Bronze Coinage of the House of Constantine, A.D. 324–46. In Late Roman Bronze Coinage (A.D. 324–498). London 1965. Pp. 4–40 e.g., W. Hahn. Von Anastasius I. bis Justinianus I (491–565). Moneta Imperii Byzantini 1. Österreische Akademie der Wissenschaften Philosophisch-Historische Klasse Denkscriften 109. Veröffenklichungen der Numismatischen Kommission 1. Vienna 1973 e.g., W. Hahn. Money of the Incipient Byzantine Empire (Anastasius I–Justinian I, 491– 565) (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte der Universität Wien 6). Vienna 2000 American Numismatic Society Museum Notes Numismatic Chronicle Numismatic Circular Numismatic Notes and Monographs Numismatische Zeitschrift M.H. Crawford. Roman Republican Coinage. Cambridge 1974 e.g., C.H.V. Sutherland. The Roman Imperial Coinage I. From 31 BC to AD 69. London 1984 Revue Numismatique e.g., A. Burnett, M. Amandry and I. Carradice. From Vespasian to Domitian (AD 69–96). Roman Provincial Coinage 2. London 1999 e.g., A. Houghton and C. Lorber. Seleucid Coins. A Comprehensive Catalogue. Part I. Seleucus I through Antiochus III. New York, Lancaster, PA and London 2002 e.g., S. Album and T. Goodwin. Sylloge of Islamic Coins in the Ashmolean, Volume 1: The Pre-Reform Coinage of the Early Islamic Period. Oxford 2002 e.g., L. Ilisch. Sylloge Numorum Arabicorum Tübingen–Palästina IVa Bilād aš-Šām I. Tübingen 1993 Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum (with suffix as necessary, e.g. SNG Cop.) Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau Transactions of the International Numismatic Congress Y. Meshorer. A Treasury of Jewish Coins from the Persian Period to Bar Kochba. Jerusalem and Nyack 2001 Zeitschrift für Numismatik 175 The Ismailiya Hoard 1983 Wolfgang fischer-Bossert fischerbossert@hotmail.de haim gitler Israel Museum gitler@imj.org.il Abstract A small hoard of coins found near Ismailiya, Egypt, in 1983 is helpful for establishing a pre-400 BCE date for some Philistian issues. It will be argued that the Philistian inhabitants started minting Athenian-styled coins before the Attic output came to a sudden stop during the Decelean War (413–404 BCE). Hitherto the Ismailiya hoard has been known by a few inconspicuous notes only and information we received from several people who saw or heard about it in the early 1980s. Gitler and Tal mentioned this hoard in their study on Philistian coinage in relation to three issues that allegedly belong to this find: The spectacular tetradrachms III.1Ta and XV.1Ta and the drachm VII.1Db, which are said to “allegedly belong to a hoard found near Ismailiya” (Gitler and Tal 2006:96, 148, 212). Ismailiya is a town in the eastern part of the Nile Delta (Fig. 1), situated not far from Tell el-Maskhouta where another coin savings hoard had been found in 1947–1948 (IGCH: 231–232, No. 1649). The focus of this study is the Philistian coins in the Ismailiya hoard, and the ramifications of its date for the chronology of the Philistian series.1 Several people saw the Ismailiya hoard, or part of it, in 1983. The hoard, however, was not properly recorded at that time. Part of what was seen, including the two tetradrachms mentioned above, was sold at auction in 1998 enabling us to record several additional specimens belonging to this find. However, as is the case when dealing with hoards that were not found at controlled archaeological excavations, it cannot be said whether the coins recorded represent the entire hoard or just a part of the original find. So far, the known contents of the hoard are as follows: 1. Athens (all tetradrachms, Pl. 1) 1. 1 , weight n.a. 2. 6, weight n.a. 3. - , weight n.a. The authors are grateful to Christof Boehringer, Michel Dürr, Frederique Duyrat, David Hendin, Arthur Houghton, Martin Huth, John H. Kroll, Stella Incardona, Alan Walker, and L. Alexander Wolfe for their help and encouragement. 1 INR 5 (2010): 3–12 3 4 WOLFGANG FISCHER-BOSSERT AND HAIM GITLER Figure 1. Location map with important Eastern Mediterranean mints 4. 3 , weight n.a. 5. 9 , weight n.a. 6. 4 , 16.88 g 7. - , 17.00 g 8. 8 , 17.06 g 2. Aegina (Pl. 1) 9. Stater, 12.47 g, test cut on obverse 3. Tyre (Pl. 1) 10. Stater, 9, 13.65 g = Elayi and Elayi 2009:50, No. 272 4.–5. Philistian Issues 4. Ascalon (Pl. 1) ISMAILIYA HOARD 1983 5 5. 6. 11. Tetradrachm, 0, 16.86 g = Gitler and Tal 2006: III.1Ta Philistia (Pl. 1) 12. Tetradrachm, - , 17.06 g = Gitler and Tal 2006: XV.1Ta 13. Drachm, . , 4.15 g = Gitler and Tal 2006: VII.1Db Cyrene (Pl. 1) 14. Hemidrachm (deep scratches on both sides), cf. BMC Cyrenaica:xxvi, No. 22a The vast majority of the coins are well preserved and thus cannot have been circulating for a long time. That is also the case for the Aeginetan stater with the test cut, and the somewhat encrusted Athenian tetradrachms (1.2) and (1.5). Because the Athenian tetradrachms can only be dated roughly, the Aeginetan and Tyrian staters become crucial for establishing the burial date of the hoard. Both staters are as well preserved as the Athenian issues. The Aeginetan stater (2.9) displays the tortoise and a compact incuse reverse; the type in question can be dated to c. 445–431 BCE.2 Staters of the same kind occurred among the coins of the Massyaf hoard (IGCH:203, No. 1483) that was dated to 425/20 by Kraay and near the end of the fifth century BCE by Elayi and Elayi.3 There are several coin hoards from Greece proper closing with Aeginetan staters of the same type, but none of these hoards can be dated independently.4 The Tyrian stater (3.10) has been attributed to the period covering the years 425–394 (Elayi and Elayi 2009:338–345), the coin in question belonging to the early part of that period (II.1.1.1.a issues with flat fabric), thus corroborating the date suggested by the Aeginetan stater (Elayi and Elayi 2009:345). This Tyrian dating is based mainly on a hoard from Cilicia (IGCH:167–168, No. 1256) that contained a late archaic tetradrachm of Syracuse, six Athenian tetradrachms of the standard style, a double stater of Sidon and a stater of Tyre.5 Although some 2 3 4 5 Milbank’s period V, cf. Robinson 1961:111–112; Holloway 1971:20; Kraay 1976:47; Nicolet-Pierre and Gjongecaj 1995:290–295. Kraay and Moorey 1968:210–235 (on the Aeginetan staters mentioned see p. 214, Nos. 50–53; Elayi and Elayi 1993:241–245, No. LIV. Also see Sheedy 2006:148. Angistri CH III 9 (c. 450 BCE); Myrina CH V 11 (c. 440 BCE); Megalopolis CH VIII 60 (c. 430 BCE), cf. SNG Delepierre 1825 in particular; Hollm CH IX 14 (late fifth century); Peloponnese CH VII 26 (c. 400 BCE). The hoard which belongs to the Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, was discussed by Diebolt and Nicolet-Pierre 1977:79–91, see in particular the list on page 87; Elayi and Elayi 1993:266, No. LXI; Flament 2007:191f. – Syracuse: Diebolt and Nicolet-Pierre 1977:Pl. 26, 19 (dies of Boehringer 1929:157, no. 235; on the dating of the relevant ‘Reihe X’ see Arnold-Biucchi 1990:31ff., 69: “480/78–475”). – Athens: Diebolt and Nicolet-Pierre 1977: Pl. 25, 1. 5. 8. 9; 26, 15–16; cf. Flament 2007:191, n. 309 (“Des représentants de nos groupes I.1, II.27, III.10, I.a, I.b, II.b, II.g, II.r” – strangely enough, six coins do represent eight groups), Pls. I, 2. 6. XIII, 3. 7. XV, 7. – Sidon: 6 WOLFGANG FISCHER-BOSSERT AND HAIM GITLER of the abbreviated kings’ names of the Tyrian coins of the period in question cannot be read with absolute certainty, the overall chronology of the Tyrian issues of that period nevertheless appears to be well established (Elayi and Elayi 2009:323–389). More worn than the other coins is the Philistian drachm (5.13). It is not clear, however, whether the Ismailiya hoard must be strictly interpreted as a circulation hoard — the worn coins of which have to be dated earlier than the fresh ones. For instance, the Aeginetan stater is certainly one of the best-preserved coins of the known group, but being struck before 431 BCE it must be one of the earliest issues. Even more obvious is the incongruity as to the Cyrenaican hemidrachm (6.14). Unless the Philistian drachm does belong among the earliest Philistian coins struck — and the somewhat ‘severe’ style indeed points to an early date — the various states of wear reveal no clues on the relative chronology of the issues in question. The hemidrachm of Cyrene (6.14). Originating geographically distant, it might be construed as an intrusive piece that might have been ascribed to the hoard in modern times. The coin, in fact, is not very worn. Based upon the evidence of the Asyut hoard, the relevant issue can be dated to c. 490–475 BCE.6 Accordingly, we would be forced to assume that the coin could have been stored for five or six decades before being added to the other, mostly newer, coins of the hoard. Before turning to the Philistian coins, the eight tetradrachms of Athens remain to be considered. They all belong to that mint’s huge issue during the second half of the fifth century, usually dated to 454 to 415–413 BCE (See Kroll 1993:6, esp. n. 11 and 2001:3 n. 2). No more refined dates for the eight Athenian tetradrachms of the Ismailiya hoard are likely since this striking was so massive — and monotonous — that no die study has been undertaken. Moreover, while the series’ typological (rather than stylistic) divergences have recently described by Flament (2007), this is not likely to lead to a relative chronology, because the minute details Flament described could just be due to school traditions and personal preferences of the engravers as well as stylistic development (Flament 2007:61–117). Since none of the eight tetradrachms have the slightest affinity to the styles of the known (or suspected) fifth-century imitations of Athenian currency, the eight may be accepted as bona fide products of the Athenian mint. It may be noted, however, that unlike the usual 7–9 o’clock axis common for bona fide Athenian Owls (de Callataÿ 1996:59–61; van Alfen 2000:46–48) as well as many of those suspected Eastern imitations (van Alfen 2002a:40, Table 3; van Diebolt and Nicolet-Pierre 1977: Pl. 26, No. 17; Elayi and Elayi 2004:63, No. 240 (’B = Abdamon?). – Tyre: Diebolt and Nicolet-Pierre 1977: Pl. 26, 18; Elayi and Elayi 2009:48f., No. 254 (anepigraphic). See Price and Waggoner 1975:113, Nos. 845–855 (the anepigraphic issues usually being interpreted as products of the Cyrene mint). Cf. Buttrey 1997:13, No. 80. 6 ISMAILIYA HOARD 1983 7 Alfen 2000:48–51, 56–58), the eight tetradrachms from this hoard have varied axes: one coin each with axes 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9 o’clock and two coins with axes of 10 o’clock. The dates of the coins thus far examined from the Ismailiya hoard — setting aside the Philistian tetradrachms (4.11) and (5.12) — suggest the hoard was buried during the last quarter of the fifth century BCE. Along with the Athenian tetradrachms, the Tyrian stater is the latest coin. As noted above, the states of wear are hard to interpret, particularly considering the outlying not-worn Cyrenaican hemidrachm. Consequently, the two Philistian tetradrachms should be dated not later than the last quarter of the fifth century BCE. The Philistian drachm (5.13), as noted above, appears to be earlier than these other two Philistian coins. Among the small range of hoards containing Philistian coins, only the Jordan hoard (IGCH:203, No. 1483) has an earlier burial date than the Ismailiya hoard (450–445 BCE).7 Since we cannot entirely rule out the possibility that the only Philistian issue known from the Jordan hoard is a modern intrusion (Kraay and Moorey 1968:191, No. 89; Mildenberg 1990; Gitler and Tal 2006:65, Fig. 3:22, i.e., coin type VI.1D), the Ismailiya hoard becomes of cardinal importance for the chronology of the early Philistian coinage. Indeed, the question of when (and why) the Philistians started minting imitations of the Athenian currency is now answered at least partly. There has been a consensus that the peoples of the Levant issued Athenian-styled coins not before the Athenian output came to its end during the final stage of the Peloponnesian War (413–404 BCE).8 The consensus was extended to the Athenian-styled coins of the Philistian cities.9 True, there are only a few Athenian-styled coins that might have been minted in the East before c. 450–440 BCE.10 However, as long as an internal chronology On the Jordan hoard, see Kraay and Moorey 1968; Price and Waggoner 1975:22; Kraay 1976:287–288; Mattingly 1989 [= Mattingly 1996:497–503]; Mildenberg 1990:143 n. 24 [= Mildenberg 1998:84 n. 24]; Elayi and Elayi 1993:240–241, No. LIII; Vismara 1999:114–119; Elayi and Elayi 2004:618; Gitler and Tal 2006:65; Chryssanthaki-Nagle 2007:56–58; Fischer-Bossert 2007:64; Flament 2007:198–199; Fischer-Bossert 2008:17, 26; Elayi and Elayi 2009:203, 329. 8 Robinson 1947:117: “The finds from Al-Mina and later fourth-century finds from Egypt show that at the end of the fifth century and the beginning of the fourth when the Decelean War had dried up the flow of Athenian silver southward and eastward, there was an outbreak of imitation Athenian tetradrachms in the Levant, which passed into circulation in considerable numbers.” The same view is held by Figueira 1998:529. 9 Much earlier than Robinson’s analysis of the coin finds from Al-Mina, Six (1877:235) proposed the Philistians had tried to replace the missing Athenian money. See also Milne 1937:58; Robinson 1937:189; Schwabacher 1950:142; Mildenberg 1996:122 n. 20. 10 (1) Gemini 5, 6 Jan. 2009, 104 “before 490 BC;” (2) SNG Kayhan 46 “480–460 BC;” 7 8 WOLFGANG FISCHER-BOSSERT AND HAIM GITLER of the massive Athenian striking of 454–415/13 BCE is not established, the late dating of their imitations is far from proven. The general view that the Philistians did not start minting before the supply of Athenian money declined has already been challenged by Gitler and Tal (2006:63– 68). However, the hoard evidence upon which they relied is questionable. The Jordan hoard (Kraay and Moorey 1968) has already been mentioned. Neither the Delta hoard (IGCH:232, No. 1650; Robinson 1960:33–36; Elayi and Elayi 1993:289–290, No. LXXIV; Pfisterer 2000:91; Kroll 2001:6; Elayi and Elayi 2004:699; Gitler and Tal 2006:65) nor the Tell el-Maskhouta hoard11 can help any further. While initially dated to the early fourth century, it now seems clear that the Tell el-Maskhouta hoard was buried the second half of that century (FischerBossert forthcoming). The Delta hoard is erratic and probably known only in part. Besides, the Philistian coin within this hoard is not part of the main Philistian series.12 The Ismailiya hoard, on the other hand, provides ample evidence that Gitler and Tal were right in challenging the later-dating view of Philistian coinage. Even the starting point of the Athenian-styled coinage issued in Philistia is now to be placed some time before the Athenian Empire’s collapse. The two tetradrachms from Ascalon and Philistia in the Ismailiya hoard are far from being simple reproductions of the Athenian model — the Ascalon tetradrachm (4.11) copied the depiction of the spread-winged owl of the decadrachms, and the Philistian tetradrachm (5.12) adding a contemporary Achemenid or Sidonian reverse type to the Athenian obverse.13 So it is obvious the inhabitants of Philistia were not simply (3a) Leu 83, 6 May 2002, 243 “Imitation from Southern Asia Minor or the Northern Levant, c. 480–440” = Gorny 97, 11 Oct. 1999, 258 “Athen, um 520” = Numismatica Ars Classica 11, 29 Apr. 1998, 63 “Western imitation, about 520,” allegedly from the second decadrachm hoard (cf. Fischer-Bossert 2008:26); (3b) Gorny & Mosch 130, 8 March 2004, 1193 “Münzstätte im südlichen Kleinasien oder in Syrien, c. 480–440;” (3c) Stack’s 22 Apr. 2009, 1087 = Stack’s 12 Jan. 2009, 2174 = Stack’s 10 Sept. 2008, 588 = Stack’s 24 Apr. 2008, 2099 = Stack’s 14 Jan. 2008, 2205 “Southern Asia Minor, 480–440.” 11 IGCH:231–232, No. 1649; Robinson 1947:115–121, Pl. 5; Naster 1948; Jungfleisch 1948; Jungfleisch 1949a, 1949b; Naster and Jungfleisch 1949; Varoucha 1949:520, No. 1; Robinson1950; Schlumberger 1953:11, No. 41; Naster 1967:8 n. 12; Starr 1970:89; Berry 1971:66–68; Buttrey 1982:138–139; Starr 1982:130 n. 9; Weiser1989:284; Elayi and Elayi 1993:282–286, No. LXXI; Figueira 1998:531; Flament 2001:41, Pls. I:5–8, 10 and II:3–4, 6, 8–11; Kroll 2001:11 n. 14; van Alfen 2002a:13, 22; van Alfen 2002a:64–65; Gitler and Tal 2006:66; Hardwick 2006:382–384; Flament 2007:210– 212; Fischer-Bossert 2008:16–17. 12 The burial date of the Delta hoard — based on the known material — has been assigned to the 410s BCE; see Elayi and Elayi 1993:289–290 and Gitler and Tal 2006:65. 13 One may understand the Philistian fortification motif — a triple-turreted city wall upon a rampart — as an “imitation” of the Sidonian coin motif (Elayi and Elayi ISMAILIYA HOARD 1983 9 filling a currency gap but rather they were creating a sophisticated amalgam of various models in anticipation of the fanciful grylloi of the later Philistian coinage. What is more important here is the fact that obviously the Philistian mint or mints did not care only about the small denominations.14 Athenian small change might have reached the Levant only rarely (two such specimens found as stray finds are mentioned by Gitler and Tal 2006:21–22, Figure 1.4.12; Figure 1.5.16), and thus the need for supplementing the widely circulating Owls with local fractions must have been strongly felt. Contemporary Phoenician fractions are found in Israel yet they did not supply the need for local fractions. We deduce this from the huge quantities of Philistian, Samarian and probably also Judean Athenian-styled obols and hemiobols that have been found in Israel. The Philistians nevertheless issued their own tetradrachms, if not from the beginning, then from c. 410 at least. The worn Philistian drachm (5.13) suggests that the starting point of the Athenian-styled coins of the southern Levant should be placed at least one or two decades earlier, corroborating Gitler and Tal’s revised chronology dating the earliest Philistian issues to c. 450–440 BCE (2006:63–68).15 REFERENCES Arnold-Biucchi C. 1990. The Randazzo Hoard 1980 and Sicilian Chronology in the Early Fifth Century B.C. (Numismatic Studies 18). New York. Berry B.Y. 1971. A Numismatic Biography. Lucerne. Boehringer E. 1929. Die Münzen von Syrakus. Berlin. Buttrey T.V. 1982. Pharaonic Imitations of Athenian Tetradrachms. TINC 9:137–140. Buttrey T.V. 1997. The Coins. In D. White ed. The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya. Final Reports, VI. Philadelphia. de Callataÿ F. 1996. Les monnaies grecques et l’orientation des axes (Glaux 12). Milan. Chryssanthaki-Nagle K. 2007. L’histoire monétaire d’Abdère en Thrace (Meletemata 51). Athens. 2004:480–483, Pls. 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