The unique features of this imprint of a tablet from Harappa are of course the five swastikas pla... more The unique features of this imprint of a tablet from Harappa are of course the five swastikas placed in a row. To my knowledge there is no other stamp or tablet that looks like this one. Many signs on the Indus stamps can more or less be understood by means of Rigveda verses, but for these five swastikas we really need to consult the Sankhayana Grihya Sutra Khanda 19-25. In these Khandas we read that during the pregnancy period Soma protects the fetus five times. It will be clear that this activity is suggested by these five swastikas, as in the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization swastikas are one of the symbols for this Soma drug. But this imprint depicts a second message: the three signs on the right suggest that the storm gods Indra an Vâyu make Aditi (Heaven and Earth) pregnant. We can read such a thing in Khanda 19: Khanda 19 5. Or, 'As the earth is pregnant with Agni, as the heaven is with Indra pregnant, as Vâyu dwells in the womb of the regions (of the earth), thus I place an embryo into thy womb, N.N.!'
The battle of a zebu against Rakshas and other enemies depicted on two Indus stamps, 2023
The battle of a zebu against Rakshas and other enemies depicted on two Indus stamps It was a grea... more The battle of a zebu against Rakshas and other enemies depicted on two Indus stamps It was a great surprise to me to discover that the Sankhayana Grihya Sutra Khanda 19-25 was fully known in the Indus Valley Civilization, and that by means of this Sutra we can understand almost all the signs depicted on the stamps found in in cities as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro: gods or ritual acts described in this Sutra are symbolized or indicated by means of simple signs or scenes. In this essay I discuss three special stamps. Two of them depict a battle between a zebu and five opponents, and another one depicts four tridents in succession. Without the Sankhayana Grihya Sutra these stamps could never be understood.
The fire god Agni appears to be the main deity of The Mature Harappa Civilization, 2023
From 3240 to 2160 BCE New Year began at the moment the sun appeared in Pleiades. These 1080 years... more From 3240 to 2160 BCE New Year began at the moment the sun appeared in Pleiades. These 1080 years roughly coincided with the Early and Mature Harappa Civilization, which lasted from about 3300 to 1900 BCE. Usually marriages were performed during the New Year Festivals and because Agni was the presiding deity of Pleiades he was the one who gave life during the wedding nights. And that is why he was a very important god in the Mature Harappa Civilization
An Indus inscription runs parallel to the Sankhayana Grihya Sutra Khanda 19-25, 2023
A cylinder seal made in the Indus Valley Civilization is extremely interesting because its signs ... more A cylinder seal made in the Indus Valley Civilization is extremely interesting because its signs run parallel with both seven chapters from the Sankhayana Grihya Sutra (Ritual rules for birth) as well as with a number of nakshatras and constellations.
The meaning of arrows depicted on Indus stamps, according to the Sankhayana Grihya Sutra Khanda 19-25 (Ritual rules for birth), 2023
Arrows are depicted on ANE cylinder seals as well as on Indus Valley stamps. Nevertheless, they h... more Arrows are depicted on ANE cylinder seals as well as on Indus Valley stamps. Nevertheless, they have a different meaning: on ANE cylinders seals they mean 'life' and on Indus stamps they represent a male embryo that enters a womb. In this essay, the significance of some Indus signs will be studied step by step on the basis of The Sankhayana Grihya Sutra Khanda 19-25, which describes the rituals for birth.
Serpent Dragons depicted on British Museum and Louvre seals, 2023
In this essay I show the results of my research on two cylinder seals showing two heavily armed h... more In this essay I show the results of my research on two cylinder seals showing two heavily armed heroes running over two tall reptiles
In the Rigveda Soma is mentioned 1676 times and the most common sign in the Indus script is represented 1660 times, 2023
In the Rigveda Soma is mentioned 1676 times And the most common character in the Indus script (nr... more In the Rigveda Soma is mentioned 1676 times And the most common character in the Indus script (nr. 342) is depicted 1660 times M-1406 A According to me this widespread character symbolizes a jar filled with Soma This U-character with four dashes at the top occurs with its variances 1660 times in scripts depicted on the Indus Valley stamps. And in the Hymns of the Rigveda, translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith, Soma is mentioned 1676 times in all. So, these numbers are almost equal and, believe it or not, according to my interpretations this U-character symbolizes a jar filled with Soma.
In both the Indus Valley Civilization and the Ancient Near East Cultures, a Soma-like drink was drunk on many, many occasions, 2023
In both the Indus Valley Civilization and the Ancient Near East Cultures, a Soma-like drink was d... more In both the Indus Valley Civilization and the Ancient Near East Cultures, a Soma-like drink was drunk on many, many occasions Rigveda nr 9-12 Far-sighted Soma, Sage and Seer, is worshipped in the central point Of heaven, the straining-cloth of wool.
On Ancient Near East cylinder seals human beings are created from the blood of the Qingu mushussu dragon, 2023
On Ancient Near East cylinder seals human beings are created from the blood of the Qingu mušhuššu... more On Ancient Near East cylinder seals human beings are created from the blood of the Qingu mušhuššu dragon and as a result these human beings are depicted as dragons too.
During wedding celebrations in the Indus Valley Civilization people drank Soma made from Neem and Banyan leaves, 2022
In this essay I claim that during wedding celebrations in the Indus Valley Civilization people dr... more In this essay I claim that during wedding celebrations in the Indus Valley Civilization people drink Soma made from Neem and Banyan leaves.
In the Indus Valley Civilization poisonous puffer fishes were used to make Soma, 2022
When we read the Rig Veda it becomes clear that the Soma drink was an extremely important phenome... more When we read the Rig Veda it becomes clear that the Soma drink was an extremely important phenomenon in Ancient India and after studying bowls and seals from Harappa and Mohenjo Daro I found out that this drink has also been important in the Indus Valley Civilization.
Swastikas found in Samarra have a different meaning than the ones found in the Indus Valley, 2022
This is a reconstruction drawing of another bowl of which a slightly larger part has been recover... more This is a reconstruction drawing of another bowl of which a slightly larger part has been recovered. This drawing shows six female figures and six scorpions. In this way they together symbolize the twelve months of the year. This drawing shows again that the scorpion goddess Iskhara is active all year round. Number 7 And this is a reconstruction drawing in yet another bowl of which a number of shards are left. This drawing shows 4 scorpions and four outstretched horns of a goat or an antelope. A swastika has been drawn in the middle with fingers (?) added to the four ends. These fingers may symbolize that Iskhara acts and is active, and the four scorpions show that she is especially active during the four changes of the seasons. Number 15 On this cup is the Indus Valley character for 'barley', which of course resembles the Sumerian 'grain' or 'barley' sign: XE The Sumerian sign (Jaritz #669) reads še (for *ši), 'barley', and 'grain, seed'; the proper word for 'grain, seed' (SE-?A) is discussed above under SE.
The meaning of the very first stamps found in Çatalhöyük, 2022
This photograph shows six baked stamps found in Çatalhöyük, a Neolithic and Chalcolithic settleme... more This photograph shows six baked stamps found in Çatalhöyük, a Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement (existing from approximately 7100 BC to 5700 B.C.) in southern Anatolia. They are very interesting because in general first stamp seals appeared in northern Mesopotamia during the 6th millennium: Stamp seals first appeared in northern Mesopotamia during the 6th millennium and were exclusively used throughout the ancient Near East until the innovation of the cylinder seal in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. Cylinder seals were the preferred administrative tool in Mesopotamia during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and in the 1st millennium B.C., stamp seals were once again adopted by the administrative classes.
Painted terracotta pots were found in the Anatolian settlement of Çatalhöyük. They were made in t... more Painted terracotta pots were found in the Anatolian settlement of Çatalhöyük. They were made in the Neolithic period (the last period of the Stone Age, dating from 10,000-4500 BC) and the paintings tell a lot about the contents of the jars.
Richly decorated Soma jars from the Indus Valley Civilisation, 2022
Many decorated bowls and jars have been found in the ruins of the towns and villages in the Ancie... more Many decorated bowls and jars have been found in the ruins of the towns and villages in the Ancient Indus Valley. From the decorations of some of these pots it can be concluded that they were used for Soma rituals.
The seven men of Eshtar depicted on an ANE cylinder seal, 2020
I was trying to write an essay that showed why it was so difficult to identify characters and ani... more I was trying to write an essay that showed why it was so difficult to identify characters and animals depicted on cylinder seals from the Ancient Near East. It turned out that there was little standard symbolism: for example, scorpions could represent at least 5 different deities. This essay expanded more and more and led me to investigate the following imprint as well. Although the result was not at all what I expected, I found it so surprising that I decided to publish it anyway.
Using the Mul.Apin and the Dendera Zodiac we can date the major agricultural developments in the Ancient Near East, 2021
Using the Mul.Apin and the Dendera Zodiac we can date the major agricultural developments in the ... more Using the Mul.Apin and the Dendera Zodiac we can date the major agricultural developments in the Ancient Near East Agricultural developments were extremely important in the Ancient Near East. They were so important that implements like 'The Seed-Plough' and 'The Harrow' were included in the ancient star compendium Mul.Apin. Besides that, 'The Ard', 'The Hoe' and 'a woman holding a spike' were depicted on the Dendera Zodiac. We will see that from this we can find out when the agricultural implements were invented. Greek 'Perseus' Babylonian 'Plough', 'Seed-Funnel' and bird As you see, the Babylonians saw in the constellation Perseus, a 'plough', a 'seed-funnel', and a bird: 1 The Plough(GISH.APIN), d.Enlil, the lead star of the stars of d.Enlil. {Perseus} 2 The Wolf (UR.BAR.RA) , seed-funnel of the plough [Perseus] {The seed are the Pleiades} http://www.oocities.org/astrologymulapin/pathofthemoon.htm Number 1 On the left is the same 'seed-plough' and 'bird' and on the right is an imprint of a cylinder seal that shows a striking number of similarities. This bird is an eagle. It is pictured here because when at that time the sun passed through Aquila (Eagle) the fields were ploughed and sown. To put it plainly, this ploughing and sowing was certainly not done in Taurus, on the contrary, when at that time the sun passed through this constellation the harvest began.
Ninurta's Exploits depicted on ANE cylinder seals, 2021
A drawing of a cylinder seal from Suza. It shows at least two scenes from the myth of Etana: belo... more A drawing of a cylinder seal from Suza. It shows at least two scenes from the myth of Etana: below a snake goddess and on top an eagle carrying the king. But it is generally assumed that other imprints also depict scenes from the Etana myth, but that is not the case.
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Usually marriages were performed during the New Year Festivals and because Agni was the presiding deity of Pleiades he was the one who gave life during the wedding nights. And that is why he was a very important god in the Mature Harappa Civilization